A new generation of women veterans: Stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan

Street, Amy E.; Vogt, Dawne; Dutra, Lissa

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.007

Cited by 357 publications

(342 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…When entered into the same model simultaneously along with other factors, each remained a significant predictor, with mTBI history the most robust. PTSD and depression have been well documented in OIF/OEF veterans [6,23,[48][49][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. This is a notable finding because other studies have found diminished effects of TBI when PTSD and depressive symptom severity were taken into account [6,62].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Multisensory impairment reported by veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury history

Pogoda¹,

Hendricks²,

Iverson³

et al. 2012

JRRD

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Abstract-With the use of Veterans Health Administration and Department of Defense databases of veterans who completed a Department of Veterans Affairs comprehensive traumatic brain injury (TBI) evaluation, the objectives of this study were to (1) identify the co-occurrence of self-reported auditory, visual, and vestibular impairment, referred to as multisensory impairment (MSI), and (2) examine demographic, deployment-related, and mental health characteristics that were potentially predictive of MSI. Our sample included 13,746 veterans with either a history of deployment-related mild TBI (mTBI) (n = 9,998) or no history of TBI (n = 3,748). The percentage of MSI across the sample was 13.9%, but was 17.4% in a subsample with mTBI history that experienced both nonblast and blast injuries. The factors that were significantly predictive of reporting MSI were older age, being female, lower rank, and etiology of injury. Deployment-related mTBI history, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression were also significantly predictive of reporting MSI, with mTBI history the most robust after adjusting for these conditions. A better comprehension of impairments incurred by deployed servicemembers is needed to fully understand the spectrum of blast and nonblast dysfunction and may allow for more targeted interventions to be developed to address these issues.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Multisensory impairment reported by veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury history

Pogoda¹,

Hendricks²,

Iverson³

et al. 2012

JRRD

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show abstract

“…First, this study focused on a sample in which there was ample dispersion in women's combat exposure to allow for gender comparisons across comparable levels of combat. Second, consistent with recent recommendations in the literature (Street et al, 2009;Zinzow, Grubaugh, Monnier, Suffoletta-Maierle, & Frueh, 2007), this study took a more fine-grained approach to conceptualizing combatrelated stress than has been typical in the literature. Third, both sampling weights and nonresponse bias weights were applied to produce results that would be optimally representative of the larger population.…”

Section: Abstract: Gender Veterans Military Personnel Trauma Exposmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…While women are still officially barred from direct ground combat positions in the U.S. military, they serve in a variety of positions that put them at risk for combat exposure (Street, Vogt, & Dutra, 2009). Women's risk for combat is compounded by the enemy's increased use of guerilla warfare tactics in recent wars.…”

Section: Abstract: Gender Veterans Military Personnel Trauma Exposmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with postdeployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans.

Vogt

Vaughn

Glickman

et al. 2011

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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157

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Though the broader literature suggests that women may be more vulnerable to the effects of trauma exposure, most available studies on combat trauma have relied on samples in which women's combat exposure is limited and analyses that do not directly address gender differences in associations between combat exposure and postdeployment mental health. Female service members' increased exposure to combat in Afghanistan and Iraq provides a unique opportunity to evaluate gender differences in different dimensions of combatrelated stress and associated consequence for postdeployment mental health. The current study addressed these research questions in a representative sample of female and male U.S. veterans who had returned from deployment to Afghanistan or Iraq within the previous year. As expected, women reported slightly less exposure than men to most combat-related stressors, but higher exposure to other stressors (i.e., prior life stress, deployment sexual harassment). No gender differences were observed in reports of perceived threat in the war zone. Though it was hypothesized that combat-related stressors would demonstrate stronger negative associations with postdeployment mental health for women, only one of 16 stressor ϫ gender interactions achieved statistical significance and an evaluation of the clinical significance of these interactions revealed that effects were trivial. Results suggest that female Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom service members may be as resilient to combat-related stress as men. Future research is needed to evaluate gender differences in the longer-term effects of combat exposure.

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“…Our results do not support that PTSD is more common in women but results in more substantial disability than experienced by their men counterparts, and the rates identified are consistent with previous reports. This may reflect a gender difference in how the deployed environment and bodily injury are perceived and experienced by women compared with men [29,31,32]. Such perceptions are difficult to study; however, a small series on female amputees does support that the woman amputee experiences her limb loss in different ways and has different types of concerns about the loss (including body image, personal safety, etc) compared with the male amputee [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disability After Deployment Injury: Are Women and Men Service Members Different?

Rivera

Hylden

Johnson

2015

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background Civilian trauma literature suggests sexual dimorphism in outcomes after trauma. Because women represent an increasing demographic among veterans, the question remains if war trauma outcomes, like civilian trauma outcomes, differ between genders. Questions/purposes (1) Do women service members develop different conditions resulting in long-term disability compared with men service members after injuries sustained during deployment? (2) Do women service members have more or less severe disability after deployment injury compared with men service members? (3) Are men or women more likely to return to duty after combat injury?Methods The Department of Defense Trauma Registry was queried for women injured during deployment from 2001 to 2011. The subjects were then queried in the Physical Evaluation Board database to determine each subject's return-to-duty status and what disabling conditions and disability percentages were assigned to those who did not return to duty. Frequency of disabling conditions, disability percentages, and return-to-duty rates for 368 women were compared with a previously published cohort of 450 men service members, 378 of whom had orthopaedic injuries.Results Women who were unable to return to duty had a higher frequency of arthritic conditions (58% 378] of men, p = 0.0410; RR, 0.169; 95% CI, 0.023-1.224). Women had more severely rated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with men (38% ± 23% versus 19% ± 17%). Forty-eight percent (64 of 133) of battle-injured women were unable to return to active duty, resulting in a lower return-to-duty rate compared with men (34% [450 of 1333]; p = 0.003). Conclusions After deployment-related injury, women have higher rates of arthritis, lower rates of pain disorders, and more severely rated PTSD compared with men. Women are unable to return to duty more often than men injured in combat. These results suggest some difference between men's and women's outcomes after deployment injury, important information for military and Veterans Administration providers seeking to minimize postdeployment disability.

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A new generation of women veterans: Stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan

Cited by 357 publications

References 74 publications

Multisensory impairment reported by veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury history

Multisensory impairment reported by veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury history

Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with postdeployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans.

Disability After Deployment Injury: Are Women and Men Service Members Different?

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