A new genus and species of pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the late Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China

Gaudin, Timothy J.; Emry, Robert J.; Pogue, Brian W.

doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[146:angaso]2.0.co;2

Cited by 19 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…We describe all the known material of Patriomanis and compare its anatomy to that of the other fossil pangolins. As has been noted elsewhere (e.g., Gaudin et al, 2006; Gaudin, 2010), the fossil record of Pholidota is poor, with very few extinct taxa (McKenna and Bell, 1997;Gaudin et al, 2009). That said, the taxa that do exist are reasonably well known, including Eomanis (middle Eocene of Germany; Storch, 1978Storch, , 2003, Euromanis (middle Eocene of Germany; Storch and Martin, 1994;Gaudin et al, 2009), Crypto manis (late Eocene of China; Gaudin et al, 2006), and Necromanis (Oligocene-Miocene of central Europe; Koenigswald and Martin, 1990; Koenigswald, 1999; see also Storch, 2003;Gaudin et al, 2009;Hoffmann et al, 2009;1999).…”

Section: S M I T H S O N I a N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O P A L E supporting

confidence: 69%

“…As has been noted elsewhere (e.g., Gaudin et al, 2006; Gaudin, 2010), the fossil record of Pholidota is poor, with very few extinct taxa (McKenna and Bell, 1997;Gaudin et al, 2009). That said, the taxa that do exist are reasonably well known, including Eomanis (middle Eocene of Germany; Storch, 1978Storch, , 2003, Euromanis (middle Eocene of Germany; Storch and Martin, 1994;Gaudin et al, 2009), Crypto manis (late Eocene of China; Gaudin et al, 2006), and Necromanis (Oligocene-Miocene of central Europe; Koenigswald and Martin, 1990; Koenigswald, 1999; see also Storch, 2003;Gaudin et al, 2009;Hoffmann et al, 2009;1999). Given their slow movements, alongside the low diversity and abundance at which their populations exist, and their sluggish reproductive rate (litter size typically one, occasionally two or three in Asiatic species, birthed once a year in all but African tree pangolins, which may breed two or three times in a year; Kingdon, 1974Kingdon, , 1997Heath, 1992a Heath, , 1992b Heath, , 1995Nowak, 1999), they do not seem like a group that would be likely to spread quickly or to have a broad, global distribution.…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

“…The latter specimen preserves what appears to be a nearly complete C4 or C5, along with two additional isolated cervical centra that likely represent C6 and C7 (Figures 1, 13). No complete cervical series is known for any fossil pangolin (Storch, 1978;Koenigswald and Martin, 1990;Storch and Martin, 1994;Gaudin et al, 2006). Although Storch (1978) states that the cervical count is "probably" seven in Eomanis waldi, it is difficult to tell from his illustrations of the type material, and indeed, in his reconstruction (Storch, 1978: plate 5, fig.…”

Section: Cervical Vertebrae (Exclusive Of Atlas and Axis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is also the case in Cryptomanis, whereas in modern pangolins there may be its position relative to that in other pholidotans cannot be ascertained, although it is clear from USNM-P 494439 that there are at least two thoracics behind the diaphragmatic vertebra. In all other pholidotans, the diaphragmatic vertebra is in the posterior part of the thoracic series, with two to three postdiaphragmatic thoracics in the extant taxa (Gaudin et al, 2006(Gaudin et al, , 2009 and three in Cryptomanis (Gaudin et al, 2006), Eomanis, and Euromanis (Gaudin et al, 2009). It should be noted that the specific vertebra involved may vary among extant forms, even within species, and the diaphragmatic transition (i.e., the transition from horizontal, thoracic-type zygapophyses ["tangential" in terminology of O' Leary et al, 2013] to more upright, lumbar-type zygapophyses ["centric" in terminology of O' Leary et al, 2013]) may involve two vertebrae in some individuals (Gaudin et al, 2009).…”

Section: Thoracic Vertebraementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extant pangolins are the only one of these groups to be broadly distributed on two continents (although vermilinguans do extend their range into southern parts of Central America, and aardvarks were distributed into Europe and Asia historically; Holroyd and Mussell, 2005). Until the recent report of the new extinct taxon Cryptomanis from the late Eocene of northern China, the Patriomanis localities lay on the other side of the world from the only other known Paleogene pangolins, the middle Eocene Eomanis and Euromanis from central Europe (Gaudin et al, 2006(Gaudin et al, , 2009. To the present day, all but one of the Paleogene pangolin records (the exception being several isolated ungual phalanges from the Fayum of Egypt of questionable value; see discussion in Gaudin et al, 2009) pertain to localities in the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, outside the range not only of the modern pangolins but of all other extant myrmecophagous mammals (although these areas were characterized by a subtropical climate in the Eocene; Prothero, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Skeletal Anatomy of the North American Pangolin Patriomanis americana (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the Latest Eocene of Wyoming (USA)

Gaudin¹,

Emry²,

Morris³

2016

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

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s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o p a l e o b i o l o g y • n u m b e r 9 8 SerieS PublicationS of the SmithSonian inStitutionEmphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to ZoologyIn these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evaluation by SISP's Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (available on SISP's "Author Resources" page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu). For open access, fully searchable PDFs of volumes in the Smithsonian Contributions Series, visit Open SI (http://opensi.si.edu). s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o p a l e o b i o l o g y • n u m b e r 9 8Skeletal Anatomy of the North American Pangolin Patriomanis americana (Mammalia, Pholidota) Since its initial description more than 40 years ago based on a partial skeleton, several nearly complete skeletons have been discovered, together including nearly every bone in the skeleton. This taxon is thus not only the most completely preserved fossil pangolin but is also among the best preserved of any Eocene mammal taxon. In the present study we have prepared a detailed, bone-by-bone description of the osteology of Patriomanis, comparing it with other well-known fossil pangolin skeletons (Eomanis, Euromanis, Cryptomanis, and Necromanis), as well as representatives of the three extant pangolins genera (Manis, Smutsia, Phataginus). We provide a catalog of all known Patriomanis specimens and their provenance and an extensive series of measurement tables incorporating the comparative taxa. We analyze the alpha-level taxonomy of the genus, concluding that all specimens should be kept in a single species, Patriomanis americana, based on currently available fossil material. We summarize the taxonomic and phylogen...

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Section: S M I T H S O N I a N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O P A L E supporting

confidence: 69%

supporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Cervical Vertebrae (Exclusive Of Atlas and Axis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thoracic Vertebraementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Skeletal Anatomy of the North American Pangolin Patriomanis americana (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the Latest Eocene of Wyoming (USA)

Gaudin¹,

Emry²,

Morris³

2016

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

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Osteology and Radiological Anatomy of the Thoracic Limbs of Temminck's Ground Pangolin (Smutsia temminckii)

Steyn

Soley

Crole

2017

The Anatomical Record

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Temminck's ground pangolin is the only pangolin present in South Africa. It is a myrmecophagous mammal with a bipedal gait. The thoracic limbs are used to break open ant nests, dig for food, and expand previously occupied burrows. This study describes the osteology and radiological anatomy of the thoracic limbs of this threatened species. Thoracic limbs from four Temminck's ground pangolins, which succumbed from electrocution or natural causes, were digitally radiographed in situ. The individual bones were then cleaned, described and digitally radiographed. The skeleton of the thoracic limbs revealed a similar number and arrangement of bones compared to that of domestic carnivores. The bones were robust and displayed numerous open epiphyseal lines. The latter provide an estimate of sexual maturity and should not be confused with fractures in injured ground pangolins. The scapula was broad and triangular-shaped. The humerus displayed a massive medial epicondyle. The radius and ulna were similarly sized, and displayed a broad radial trochlea and large olecranon tuber, respectively. The manus was composed of seven carpal bones, five short metacarpal bones and five digits of which the three central digits were the best developed. The unguicular process of the distal phalanx was bifid and elongated. The osteological characteristics indicate that the thoracic limbs of Temminck's ground pangolin are specifically adapted for protraction and retraction, strong elbow extension, flexion of the carpus and digits as well as pronation and supination of the antebrachium, as opposed to weight-bearing. These functions are likewise documented for other scratch-digging species. Anat Rec, 301:624-635, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis

2009

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A new genus and species of pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the late Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

Skeletal Anatomy of the North American Pangolin Patriomanis americana (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the Latest Eocene of Wyoming (USA)

Skeletal Anatomy of the North American Pangolin Patriomanis americana (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the Latest Eocene of Wyoming (USA)

Osteology and Radiological Anatomy of the Thoracic Limbs of Temminck's Ground Pangolin (Smutsia temminckii)

The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis

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