A new geochemical perspective on hydrochemical evolution of the Tibetan geothermal system

Zhang, Y. F.; Tan, Hongbing; Zhang, W. J.; Huang, Jingzhong; Zhang, Q.

doi:10.1134/s0016702915120125

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…They are normally, with very rare exception (Zhang et al . ), unrelated to magmatic activity. The temperature of the spring water is generally below boiling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Continental hot springs represent a geochemical window to deep parts of the fractured brittle upper crust. Continental hot springs are related to deep groundwater circulation systems and occur worldwide in mountain ranges, including the Alps, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, and the Black Forest (e.g., L opez & Smith 1995;Grasby & Hutcheon 2001;Perello et al 2001;Baietto et al 2008;Bucher et al 2009;Yeatts 2013;Zhang et al 2015). They are normally, with very rare exception (Zhang et al 2015), unrelated to magmatic activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deep hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction: the thermal springs of Da Qaidam, China

et al. 2016

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Hot water flows from springs along the border fault system at the SW rim of the Qilian Mountains near the city of Da Qaidam (Qinghai Province, Western China). The outflow temperature is close to 72°C, and the clear water contains about 1.4 g l−1 total dissolved solids. The water contains predominantly Na and Cl, and significant and equal amounts of hydrogen carbonate and sulfate. The water originates from a fractured granite reservoir at about 5 km depth, suggested by the estimated Qtz and Na–K equilibrium temperatures of 130–150°C. The solutes are derived from the interaction of the deep ground water with the solids of the fractured granite. However, the high Cl/Br mass ratio of about 550 in the deep water and the composition of surface runoff suggest the presence of an additional evaporite component introduced by surface infiltration. The source of this surface component is probably eolian deposits of halite, gypsum, and borate minerals from the salt flats and deserts of the Qaidam Basin on the slopes of the Qilian Mountains. The deep hydrothermal flow system is topography driven, and the upwelling water is focused and channeled to the damage zone of the Qilian border fault.

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“…They are normally, with very rare exception (Zhang et al . ), unrelated to magmatic activity. The temperature of the spring water is generally below boiling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction: the thermal springs of Da Qaidam, China

et al. 2016

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“…However, geothermal systems are well-developed on the QTP (Figure 1) [17,[74][75][76][77]. Hydrochemistry of modern geothermal waters on the QTP has been reported extensively and they are generally enriched in Li (0.08-96 mg/L) [37,53,74,76,78,79]. Although Risacher and Fritz [42,43] and Risacher et al [45] proposed that hydrothermal activity is not specifically responsible for the formation of high Li concentrations in brines of salt lakes studied in the Andes, these geothermal waters on the QTP play evidently important roles in the formation of Li-rich salt lakes.…”

Section: The Sources Of LI In Brines In Salt Lakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schematic model for the formation of Li-rich brines in salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (after[78]). …”

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confidence: 99%

Hydrochemistry, Distribution and Formation of Lithium-Rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Fan

Wang

et al. 2019

Minerals

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Salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) are remarkable for Li-rich brines. Along with the surging demand of Li, the Li-rich brines in salt lakes on the QTP are of great importance for China’s Li supply. Previous studies reported the geological, geographical, geochemical signatures of numerous salt lakes on the QTP; however, conclusive work and the internal relationships among the hydrochemistry, distribution and geological setting of Li-rich salt lakes are still inadequate. In this study, major and trace (Li, B) ionic compositions of 74 Li-rich salt lakes on the QTP were reviewed. The Li-rich brines cover various hydrochemical types (carbonate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and chloride types) and present horizontal zoning from the southwest to the northeast along with the stronger aridity. The Li concentrations and Mg/Li ratios in these salt lakes range from 23 to 2895 mg/L, 0.0 to 1549.4, respectively. The distribution of these salt lakes is close to the major suture zones. Geothermal water is proposed to be the dominant source of Li in the investigated salt lakes, while weathering of Li-bearing sediments and igneous rocks, and brine migration provide a minor part of Li. Four factors (sufficient Li sources, arid climate, endorheic basin and time) should be considered for the formation of Li-rich brines in salt lakes on the QTP.

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“…In this region, precipitates from hydrothermal springs display extreme enrichments in rare alkali metals (RAM) and boron, exemplified by rare geyserite Cs-deposits at the Dagejia, Semi and Gulu sites 1 . Geothermal waters at these sites are also characterized by abnormally high boron content (up to 450 ppm) and low δ 11 B values (−16.6 to −10.9‰) 2 , which is in stark contrast with the Yellowstone (USA) geothermal system, where the geothermal water contains 0.46 to 29.08 mg/L of boron with δ 11 B of −9.3 to +4.4‰ 3 . The data for the Tibetan sites reflect the contribution of residual magma degassing, which is confirmed by the He isotope signature 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The origin of rare alkali metals in geothermal fluids of southern Tibet, China: A silicon isotope perspective

Wang

Wei

Jiang

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Geothermal waters from the Semi, Dagejia and Kawu hot springs in the Shiquanhe-Yarlung Zangbo geothermal field of southern Tibet (China) are highly enriched in rare alkali metals (RAM). However, the enrichment mechanism is still hotly debated. Here, we report the first silicon isotope data of these geothermal waters to unravel the origin of the extreme RAM enrichments. Sinter precipitation in the spring vents and water-rock interaction in the deep reservoir controlled both the silicon budget and silicon isotope fractionation. The rates of water-rock interaction and sinter precipitation in three spring sites decrease in the sequences Semi > Kawu > Dagejia, and Dagejia > Kawu > Semi respectively. Silicon isotope fractionation during sinter precipitation (i.e. Δ 30 Si precipitate-solution < −0.1‰) is less than that due to water-rock interaction (i.e. Δ 30 Si solution-rocks at least as high as −0.47‰), which makes it possible to use the δ 30 Si signatures of springs to evaluate the intensity of water-rock interaction. Based on the available evidence, a conceptual model of RAM enrichment is proposed: (i) persistent magmatic activity in southern Tibet provided the initial enrichment of the RAM in host rocks and a heat sources for the deep reservoirs of geothermal systems; (ii) the high Cl − content and long residence time (thousands of years) promote the leaching of RAM from the silicate host rocks.

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A new geochemical perspective on hydrochemical evolution of the Tibetan geothermal system

Cited by 15 publications

References 41 publications

Deep hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction: the thermal springs of Da Qaidam, China

Deep hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction: the thermal springs of Da Qaidam, China

Hydrochemistry, Distribution and Formation of Lithium-Rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The origin of rare alkali metals in geothermal fluids of southern Tibet, China: A silicon isotope perspective

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