A new GFP fluorophore-based probe for lysosome labelling and tracing lysosomal viscosity in live cells

Abstract

A new GFP (green fluorescent protein) fluorophore-based probe (Lys-V) was designed and synthesized for mapping lysosomal viscosity in live cells.

Small Molecular Fluorescent Probes for Imaging of Viscosity in Living Biosystems

“…Huang et al. presented a green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐based probe 32 for tracing lysosomal viscosity [59] . Structurally, probe 32 contained p ‐hydroxybenzylideneimidazolidinone and two morpholines.…”

A Fluorogenic Far Red-Emitting Molecular Viscometer for Ascertaining Lysosomal Stress in Live Cells and Caenorhabditis elegans

“…It is an acidic compartment and contains approximately 60 hydrolytic enzymes for breaking all sorts of biomolecules ( Lawrence and Zoncu, 2019 ). The viscosity of lysosome and lysosome-related organelles (LROs) is closely associated with overall animal health and a key indicator of its functionality ( Li et al, 2018 ; Tan et al, 2019 ; Cai et al, 2021 ). Therefore, sensitive monitoring of their viscosity with a specific nano-sized molecular viscometer is essential for understanding cellular health.…”

“…Later, the indole moiety is suitably functionalized with a well-explored lysosome targeting group morpholine ( JIND-Mor ) Scheme 1 . Morpholine-appended fluorescent probes are known to localize selectively inside lysosomal compartment due to its protophilic nature associated with the low p K a value in the range of 5–6 ( Wang et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2018 ; Kong et al, 2019 ; Biswas et al, 2021 ).…”

De novogeneration of a bright blue fluorophore from 2-oxoglutarate in biological samples

“…3 The de novo uorophore generation in biological systems not only shed some light on the evolution of biopigments and the origin of auto-uorescence but also inspired synthetic chemists to design next-generation uorophores. [4][5][6] Herein, we report a serendipitous discovery of a new bright blue uorophore possessing a fused 2-pyridone ring, which is de novo generated from 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and primary amines without the need for additives or a heat source. Through a detailed analysis of the structure and properties of the new uorophore, we propose a possible mechanism for the highly selective formation of the uorophore on reactant structures.…”