A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2

Lauvset, Siv K.; Key, Robert M.; Olsen, Are; Heuven, S. van; Velo, A.; Lin, Xia; Schirnick, Carsten; Kozyr, Alex; Tanhua, Toste; Hoppema, Mario; Jütterström, Sara; Steinfeldt, Reiner; Jeansson, Emil; Ishii, Masao; Pérez, Fíz F.; Suzuki, Tsuneo; Watelet, Sylvain

doi:10.5194/essd-2015-43

Cited by 67 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Following Bronselaer et al (2017) and Le Quéré et al (2018), we consider an adjustment for pre‐1850 ocean carbon uptake and 1850 air‐sea CO 2 disequilibrium. An additional ~10–20 Pg C was considered for comparisons with estimates of cumulative uptake since 1791 (Lauvset et al, 2016; Sabine et al, 2004), and ~10–30 Pg C comparisons with cumulative uptake since 1765 (Khatiwala et al, 2009). We compared years 101–120 of the 1% CO 2 per year experiment (2.7 to 3.3 times preindustrial CO 2 ) to the corresponding years of piControl to assess the response to high atmospheric CO 2 levels.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO₂

Stock

Dunne

Fan

et al. 2020

J Adv Model Earth Syst

120

137

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This contribution describes the ocean biogeochemical component of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Earth System Model 4.1 (GFDL-ESM4.1), assesses GFDL-ESM4.1's capacity to capture observed ocean biogeochemical patterns, and documents its response to increasing atmospheric CO 2. Notable differences relative to the previous generation of GFDL ESM's include enhanced resolution of plankton food web dynamics, refined particle remineralization, and a larger number of exchanges of nutrients across Earth system components. During model spin-up, the carbon drift rapidly fell below the 10 Pg C per century equilibration criterion established by the Coupled Climate-Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP). Simulations robustly captured large-scale observed nutrient distributions, plankton dynamics, and characteristics of the biological pump. The model overexpressed phosphate limitation and open ocean hypoxia in some areas but still yielded realistic surface and deep carbon system properties, including cumulative carbon uptake since preindustrial times and over the last decades that is consistent with observation-based estimates. The model's response to the direct and radiative effects of a 200% atmospheric CO 2 increase from preindustrial conditions (i.e., years 101-120 of a 1% CO 2 yr −1 simulation) included (a) a weakened, shoaling organic carbon pump leading to a 38% reduction in the sinking flux at 2,000 m; (b) a two-thirds reduction in the calcium carbonate pump that nonetheless generated only weak calcite compensation on century timescales ; and, in contrast to previous GFDL ESMs, (c) a moderate reduction in global net primary production that was amplified at higher trophic levels. We conclude with a discussion of model limitations and priority developments. Plain Language Summary This paper describes and evaluates the ocean biogeochemical component of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Earth System Model 4.1 (GFDL-ESM4.1). GFDL-ESM4.1 was developed to study the past, present, and future evolution of the Earth system under scenarios for natural and anthropogenic drivers of Earth system change, including greenhouse gases and aerosols. The response of the ocean's vast carbon and heat reservoirs to accumulating greenhouse gases greatly reduces their atmospheric and terrestrial impacts, but also puts ocean environments and the marine resources they support at risk. Relative to previous models, GFDL-ESM4.1 improves the representation of (a) ocean food webs connecting plankton and fish; (b) biological processes influencing the sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean; and (c) land-atmosphere-ocean nutrient exchanges. While simulations have biases, they capture many critical aspects of the global ocean carbon cycle and ocean ecosystem, including the observed uptake of anthropogenic carbon over the last~150 yr. Projections suggest that continued CO 2 increases could significantly decrease ocean productivity and the ocean's capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO₂

Stock

Dunne

Fan

et al. 2020

J Adv Model Earth Syst

120

137

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“…We compute “potential alkalinity” (pTA, and similarly for the related preformed potential alkalinity pTA 0 ) as TA + 1.36* N to account for the small impacts of organic matter cycling on TA distributions (Wolf‐Gladrow et al, 2007). These estimates are on the transport matrix grid, so a three‐dimensional Delaunay triangulation (i.e., linear interpolation) is used to shift them onto the grid used for the gridded GLODAPv2 data product (Lauvset et al, 2016; Olsen et al, 2016). In most locations, this does not add significant errors (possible exceptions include the Artic and Mediterranean when using Khatiwala, 2007, matrix, which does not cover these basins/seas).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preformed Properties for Marine Organic Matter and Carbonate Mineral Cycling Quantification

Carter

Feely

Lauvset

et al. 2020

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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We estimate preformed ocean phosphate, nitrate, oxygen, silicate, and alkalinity by combining a reconstruction of ventilation pathways in the ocean interior with estimates of submixed layer properties. These new preformed property estimates are intended to aid biogeochemical cycling studies and validation of modeled preformed property distributions and are available online. Analyses of net property accumulations (observed minus preformed properties) indicate net remineralization ratios in the ocean interior of [1 P]: [14.1 ± 0.6 N]: [−141 ± 12 O 2 ]: [95 ± 25 Si]: [89 ± 9 TA]. These ratios imply that the interior ocean stores 1,300 (±230) PgC through organic matter remineralization and 540 (±60) PgC through carbonate mineral dissolution and that apparent oxygen utilization can overestimate the interior ocean oxygen consumption by~25%. Further, only 4 (±1%) and 46 (±5%) of the total alkalinity accumulated from carbonate mineral dissolution are found in seawater that is supersaturated with respect to the aragonite and calcite mineral forms of calcium carbonate, respectively. These small excess alkalinity inventories are due to smaller volumes of the supersaturated water masses and shorter ventilation timescales, as carbonate mineral dissolution rates appear nearly independent of depth and saturation state.

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“…We use the GLODAPv2.2016b data product (GLODAPv2) (Lauvset et al, 2016) for climatological spatial distributions of biogeochemical variables. This product is an aggregation of high‐quality observations of primary biogeochemical variables, collected from 1972 to 2013, and gridded to 1° × 1°.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to determine the pathways of low C ant waters in the North Atlantic, we use a gridded biogeochemical data product (Lauvset et al, 2016) and ocean circulation from the best estimate of the physical state (Forget et al, 2015). Though there are interpolation issues with the gridded data product (section 2.7), we can qualitatively understand these effects by comparing the gridded data product to a hindcast simulation (Yeager et al, 2018) with internally consistent circulation and biogeochemistry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advective Controls on the North Atlantic Anthropogenic Carbon Sink

Ridge

McKinley

2020

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Though it is clear that the North Atlantic is the site of the highest storage of anthropogenic carbon (C ant) per area, it is uncertain whether the air-sea C ant fluxes contributing to North Atlantic C ant storage occur in the subpolar gyre or upstream in the subtropical gyre. Using data and models, we show that air-sea C ant uptake capacity is advected into the subpolar gyre along the same subsurface pathway as nutrients. This pathway is known as the nutrient stream. On the A22 section between Woods Hole and Bermuda, nutrient stream waters are the oldest in the upper 2,000 m and contain low C ant. These northward moving waters are sufficiently depleted in C ant such that they could sustain a subpolar air-sea C ant flux of −0.19 Pg C ant year −1. The ocean hindcast model used here indicates that despite some subtropical re-circulation, uptake capacity is transported into the subpolar gyre where it sustains subpolar air-sea C ant uptake. With this model, we show that high-and low-end estimates of subpolar air-sea C ant flux are reconciled by accounting for a factor of two difference in their respective study areas. If half of the observed air-sea C ant uptake capacity transport at A22 is ventilated in the subpolar region, it can fully support high-end estimates of the subpolar air-sea C ant sink (−0.09 ± 0.01 Pg C ant year −1). Plain Language Summary The ocean has absorbed approximately 40% of the CO 2 from fossil fuel burning and cement production, lowering atmospheric CO 2 and limiting climate change. Ocean storage of this additional carbon from human activities (anthropogenic carbon, C ant) is most intense in the North Atlantic. In the subpolar North Atlantic, C ant is injected into the deep ocean and thus sequestered from the atmosphere for thousands of years. It is currently uncertain whether any of this sequestered C ant was absorbed from the atmosphere in the subpolar North Atlantic. Here we present evidence that the upper limb of the ocean's overturning circulation supplies the subpolar North Atlantic with the capacity to absorb C ant from the atmosphere. Subpolar uptake capacity travels along the same subsurface pathways as the nutrients that support subpolar phytoplankton growth. Waters following this pathway likely started their northward journey decades ago, in the Southern Ocean and thus have not been in contact with the high atmospheric carbon concentrations that exist today. When these waters are exposed to the atmosphere in the subpolar North Atlantic, they can absorb a large amount of C ant. We show that this is the mechanism by which the subpolar North Atlantic absorbs a substantial amount of C ant .

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A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2

Cited by 67 publications

References 8 publications

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO₂

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO₂

Preformed Properties for Marine Organic Matter and Carbonate Mineral Cycling Quantification

Advective Controls on the North Atlantic Anthropogenic Carbon Sink

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A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2

Cited by 67 publications

References 8 publications

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO2

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO2

Preformed Properties for Marine Organic Matter and Carbonate Mineral Cycling Quantification

Advective Controls on the North Atlantic Anthropogenic Carbon Sink

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO₂

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO₂