A new green approach for the reduction of consumed solvents and simultaneous quality control analysis of several pharmaceuticals using a fast and economic RP-HPLC method; a case study for a mixture of piracetam, ketoprofen and omeprazole drugs
Abstract:We report a novel and green RP-HPLC method able to separate and quantify a tertiary mixture of piracetam, ketoprofen and omeprazole produced by the same manufacturers.
“…Performing 50 or more samples per week is considered the most environmentally friendly approach. In our example the number of samples analyzed in seven days is approximately 500, which means a high green value in terms of economic cost according to the HEXAGON tool description 35 , 36 .…”
Green spectrophotometric and HPLC methods have been developed for the quantification of metoclopramide. In the spectrophotometric method, it was determined by direct absorbance measurement at 273 nm wavelength using ultrapure water as solvent. The Extend C18 column was used for the HPLC method. The mobile phase system consisted of a combination of ethanol and formic acid solution (pH 2.0; 30:70 v/v). Isocratic elution was applied and the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL min−1. Metoclopramide was detected at 273 nm. The methods performed were economical, rapid, environmentally friendly, and simple, providing metoclopramide analysis within 5 min. The methods have been successfully applied in pharmaceutical products without matrix interference. The results of the application of the developed methods to pharmaceutical products were statistically compared and no significant difference was observed between the methods. In addition, the greenness assessment of the developed methods was performed using AGREE software. Our developed methods, based on the use of solvents such as ethanol and water, are proposed as a more environmentally and analyst-friendly option for the quantification of metoclopramide in pharmaceutical products than other methods currently in use.
“…Performing 50 or more samples per week is considered the most environmentally friendly approach. In our example the number of samples analyzed in seven days is approximately 500, which means a high green value in terms of economic cost according to the HEXAGON tool description 35 , 36 .…”
Green spectrophotometric and HPLC methods have been developed for the quantification of metoclopramide. In the spectrophotometric method, it was determined by direct absorbance measurement at 273 nm wavelength using ultrapure water as solvent. The Extend C18 column was used for the HPLC method. The mobile phase system consisted of a combination of ethanol and formic acid solution (pH 2.0; 30:70 v/v). Isocratic elution was applied and the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL min−1. Metoclopramide was detected at 273 nm. The methods performed were economical, rapid, environmentally friendly, and simple, providing metoclopramide analysis within 5 min. The methods have been successfully applied in pharmaceutical products without matrix interference. The results of the application of the developed methods to pharmaceutical products were statistically compared and no significant difference was observed between the methods. In addition, the greenness assessment of the developed methods was performed using AGREE software. Our developed methods, based on the use of solvents such as ethanol and water, are proposed as a more environmentally and analyst-friendly option for the quantification of metoclopramide in pharmaceutical products than other methods currently in use.
“…The AGREE tool scores ranged from 0.37 to 0.5, with SPE-MEKC technique (method 7) scoring higher than the other methods described. However, AGREE metrics indicate that a method must score 0.6 to be considered green (Abdelgawad et al 2022 ). Based on this criterion, none of the evaluated methods qualify as green, meaning that they have a negative impact on the environment.…”
This work proposes the use of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to select a more environmentally friendly analytical procedure. TOPSIS, which stands for Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, is an example of a MCDA method that may be used to rank or select best alternative based on various criteria. Thirteen analytical procedures were used in this study as TOPSIS input choices for mifepristone determination in water samples. The input data, which consisted of these choices, was described using assessment criteria based on 12 principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC). Based on the objective mean weighting (MW), the weights for each criterion were assigned equally. The most preferred analytical method according to the ranking was solid phase extraction with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (SPE-MEKC), while solid phase extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) was ranked last. TOPSIS ranking results were also compared to the green metrics NEMI, Eco-Scale, GAPI, AGREE, and AGREEprep that were used to assess the greenness of thirteen analytical methods for mifepristone determination. The results demonstrated that only the AGREE metric tool correlated with TOPSIS; however, there was no correlation with other metric tools. The analysis results suggest that TOPSIS is a very useful tool for ranking or selecting the analytical procedure in terms of its greenness and that it can be easily integrated with other green metrics tools for method greenness assessment.
“…Furthermore, the new FL method's final AGREE score of 0.77 relates to its greenness features, as shown in ( Fig. 11 b) a method is deemed green if its score is greater than 0.6 [ 71 ]. Fig.…”
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