A New Herbicide: 1 : 1′-Ethylene-2 : 2′-Dipyridylium Dibromide

Brian, R. C.; Homer, R. F.; Stubbs, Jack; Jones, Russell L.

doi:10.1038/181446a0

Cited by 90 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…It is used for the broad spectrum control of broad-leaved weeds and grasses in fruit orchards and plantations, and for inter-row weed control in many crops (1). However, toxic effects of PQ have been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unbalanced MMP/TIMP-1 expression during the development of experimental pulmonary fibrosis with acute paraquat poisoning

Wang

et al. 2011

Mol Med Rep

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Abstract. Paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary toxicity is known to result in pulmonary edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells and damage to the alveolar epithelium, which may progress to severe fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their physiological inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which degrade and remodel the excess extracellular matrix, are believed to play an important role in the development of fibrotic tissue. In this study, we examined the sequential expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by PQ. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with PQ (20 mg/kg) and saline (control group). Rats were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 7 and 21 after the PQ treatment. Lungs were excised for histological evaluation and immunohistochemical analyses, as well as the determination of collagen content, gene expression by fluorimeter-based quantitive RT-PCR assay and gelatinolytic activity by zymography. Lung MMP-2 and -9 mRNA expression progressively increased and reached a peak on day 7 after PQ treatment, while TiMP-1 mrna levels in the PQ-treated lungs reached a peak on day 21 after modeling. Lung zymography revealed an increase in progelatinase B, progelatinase a and their active forms. In conclusion, unbalanced MMP/TIMP-1 expression and excessive gelatinolytic activity contribute to PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Their precise role should be studied in depth as they may represent relevant therapeutic targets for PQ poisoning-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unbalanced MMP/TIMP-1 expression during the development of experimental pulmonary fibrosis with acute paraquat poisoning

Wang

et al. 2011

Mol Med Rep

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“…Information on the herbicidal properties of the bipyridylium quaternary ammonium compounds was first published by Brian, Homer, Stubbs & Jones (1958). Diquat (9,10-dihydro-8a,10a-diazoniaphenanthrene-2A) is one of these compound.s and is marketed for pre-emergence weed control and potato haulm desiccation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS ON THE LONG‐DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF DIQUAT IN LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.

Smith

Sagar

1966

Weed Research

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Summary. Using autoradiographic techniques, the long‐distance transport of ‘ethylene’14C‐labelled diquat dibromide was studied. It was confirmed that a period of darkness after diquat application was necessary for reliable systemic action during a subsequent light exposure. Darkness was necessary in the region where the herbicide was applied, and then only to allow adequate penetration of diquat. This was its only role. Desiccation following death, with the transfer of free water containing diquat to other leaves are the primary forces of long‐distance transport; light is essential only for rapid toxic action and not directly for transport. Orthophosphate‐32P and urea‐14C applied topically with unlabelled diquat were distributed in the same pathway as the herbicide and not in the phloem. These results are discussed. Nouvelles recherches sur l'influence de la lumière et de l'obscurité sur le transport à longue distance du diquat dans Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

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“…Acute and persistent parkinsonism after use of diquat Diquat dibromide (l,l'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridylium cation) is mainly a contact herbicide first described as a weed-killer by Brian et al in 1958.l Since the discovery that MPTP (l-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) elicits chronic parkinsonism in humans,2 there have been reported associations between direct exposure to paraquat (l,l-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion), a herbicide chemically related to MPTP and diquat, and Parkinson's disease (PD).3-5 We now describe the clinical and MRI findings in a patient who, several days after exposure to a solution of diquat, developed a severe parkinsonian syndrome.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acute and persistent parkinsonism after use of diquat

Sechi¹,

Agnetti²,

Piredda³

et al. 1992

Neurology

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in the right temporal lobe. His memory seemed to improve slightly. By day 14 he was able to complete the serial sevens test accurately to 58.Complement-fixing antibody to herpes simplex virus (HSV) was found in all serum and CSF specimens (table). For samples taken on days 2 and 14, HSV IgG antibody was quantitated by radioimmunosorbent assay.' Albumin and IgG were determined by electroimmunoassay. The CSF:serum albumin ratio (measuring blood-CSF barrier function) was slightly elevated on day 2 but was within normal limits by day 14. The elevation of CSF:serum albumin ratio was not sufficient to invalidate index measurements.2 Intrathecal IgG synthesis was documented by an elevated IgG index in both specimens. Intrathecal synthesis of HSV-specific IgG antibody was demonstrated in both pairs of specimens by calculation of an HSV-specific antibody index (AI). An A1 of->1.9 is diagnostic of herpes encepha1itis.lTo confirm the diagnosis, CSF from days 2, 14, and 22 were examined for HSV DNA. DNA corresponding to a fragment of the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) gene was specifically amplified using the polymerase chain r e a~t i o n ,~ and the presence of HSV TK gene-specific DNA confirmed by Southern blotting.3 HSV DNA was detected at days 2 and 14, but was absent at day 22.Psychometric assessment carried out 3 weeks after admission and 1 week after cessation of acyclovir therapy showed disturbance of visual and verbal memory functions and, particularly, impaired delayed recall. He could not recall the ages of his children, his address or how long he had been living there, his locality, or details of his employment extending back several years. Retrograde amnesia was estimated as extending for 3 to 4 years. He had marked anterograde amnesia. He was disorientated as to time, unable t o give any account of recent events, and unable to learn new information. He retained insight and there was no confabulation. Personality was intact. Tests of frontal lobe function, language, perception, attention, and concentration were normal, and his full-scale I& was assessed to be in the high average range at 113. A significant feature of his memory disturbance was a positive response to cueing, indicating a deficit of retrieval rather than storage o r encoding of information. He and his wife were given advice in the use of practical

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A New Herbicide: 1 : 1′-Ethylene-2 : 2′-Dipyridylium Dibromide

Cited by 90 publications

References 0 publications

Unbalanced MMP/TIMP-1 expression during the development of experimental pulmonary fibrosis with acute paraquat poisoning

Unbalanced MMP/TIMP-1 expression during the development of experimental pulmonary fibrosis with acute paraquat poisoning

A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS ON THE LONG‐DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF DIQUAT IN LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.

Acute and persistent parkinsonism after use of diquat

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