“…The proposed DFOA included only two fundamental parameters, the population size ( N ), and maximum number of generations ( MaxGen ), which were defined as N = 5 and MaxGen = 100 herein, respectively. The DFOA, Parallel Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (PHGA) [42], and PSO were applied to small, middle, and large instances 20 times each using the same parameters. The results, including the reported optimal tour length (Optimum), average tour length (Mean), standard deviation (SD), best tour length (Best), and average CPU running time (CPU), are provided in Tables 1–3.…”