Thermodynamic modeling
is conducted for a high-asphaltene, high-resin
crude oil produced from a deepwater reservoir using the perturbed-chain
statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT). The asphaltenes are
characterized as a polydisperse fraction following a three-parameter
Γ distribution function with resins included as the lightest
cut of the asphaltene distribution. Modeling results with 55 mol %
injection indicate that the driving force of precipitation is sufficiently
large that a significant amount of non-asphaltene components co-precipitate
with asphaltenes. As pressure decreases from the upper asphaltene
onset pressure (UAOP) to the bubble pressure (BP), the amount (by
weight) of the asphaltene-rich phase surpasses the amount of the asphaltene-lean
phase. Interestingly, as pressure decreases below the BP, the asphaltene-lean
phase dissolves into the asphaltene-rich phase until the pressure
reaches the lower onset pressure, where the lean phase is completely
dissolved. As a result of the high driving force of precipitation,
all asphaltenes precipitate out of solution before the BP and significant
amounts of the other pseudo-fractions also co-precipitate. This causes
the composition of asphaltenes in the asphaltene-rich phase to decrease
as the pressure decreases, and the asphaltene composition in the asphaltene-rich
phase at the upper onset is 23.6 wt %, which is uncommonly low for
a precipitating phase. Experimental images from high-pressure microscopy
show that the shape of the formed asphaltene-rich phase changes from
a rigid solid-like structure near the UAOP to a soft liquid-like structure
as the pressure decreases. This indicates a decrease in asphaltene
composition during depressurization, similar to the simulation results
produced by PC-SAFT. A sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate
the assumption of poly- and monodisperse asphaltenes from a modeling
perspective and the effect of the Γ distribution parameters.