“…CEL approach for large deformation problems 3D large deformation finite-element (LDFE) problems have been widely studied using the Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian approach incorporated in the commercial finite element program ABAQUS/Explicit. The feasibility and applicability of the CEL approach have been also proven for various geotechnical penetration problems such as the installations of piles (Fan et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021), caissons (Lai et al, 2020(Lai et al, , 2021(Lai et al, , 2022a(Lai et al, , 2022bHarireche et al, 2021), spudcans (Li et al, 2018) and CPTs (Wang et al, 2019;Gavin et al, 2021), etc.…”