A new instrument for measuring self‐efficacy in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament injury

Abstract

It has been suggested that self-efficacy belief is of major importance for rehabilitation outcome after sports-related injuries. No instruments are, however, available to evaluate perceived self-efficacy for prognostic and outcome expectations in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Perceived self-efficacy is defined as a judgment of one's potential ability to carry out a task, rather than a measure of whether or not one actually can or does perform the task. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument for measuring perceived self-efficacy in patients with an ACL injury. A total of 210 male and female patients with an ACL injury were included in this study. The items were generated by health professionals with long clinical experience of patients with an ACL injury and by discussions with patients. After item analysis and item reduction, based on the results from 88 patients, the final 22-item version of the Knee Self-Efficacy Scale (K-SES) was evaluated in 18 patients for test-retest reliability and in 104 patients for internal consistency and validity. The K-SES was compared with the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), SF-36 and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) instruments. A factor analysis was also performed on the K-SES. The test-retest revealed a correlation of r(s)=0.73 between test-days and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.75. No significant difference between test-days was found. The internal consistency was 0.94, as calculated with Cronbach's alpha. There were low correlations between the K-SES and MHLC and the K-SES and CSQ, respectively. A strong correlation was found between the K-SES and physical functioning, as measured by the SF-36 (r(s)=0.8). All the sub-scales in the KOOS correlated moderately to strongly (r(s)=0.4-0.7) to the K-SES. The factor analysis produced two factors of importance. Factor one was related to how patients perceived their present physical performance/function, while factor two was related to how patients perceived the future physical performance/prognosis of their knee. Good reliability and good face, content, construct and convergent validity were demonstrated for this new instrument (K-SES) for measuring perceived self-efficacy in patients with an ACL injury. The K-SES is recommended for studies designed to evaluate prognostic and outcome expectations of perceived self-efficacy in patients with an ACL-insufficient knee.

Satisfaction With Knee Function After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Is Associated With Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life, and Returning to the Preinjury Physical Activity

“…Knee-Self-Efficacy Scale (K-SES) 19 Knee-related self-efficacy Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) 20 21 Fear of re-injury ACL-Return to Sport after Injury Scale 22 Psychological readiness to return to sport/physical activity Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale 23 Internal locus of control…”

Current Concepts for Rehabilitation and Return to Sport After Knee Articular Cartilage Repair in the Athlete

“…Useful tools that can be used to evaluate the influence of psychosocial factors on rehabilitation include the Knee Efficacy Scale and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia. 90,178,179 Both the Knee Efficacy Scale and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia have been shown to correlate with outcome measures such as the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and the Tegner-Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale. Higher Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia scores are associated with failure to return to sport; conversely, higher perceived self-efficacy is related to greater perceived knee function, postoperative sports activity levels, and knee-related quality of life.…”

“…91,135,183 Psychosocial factors have been shown to affect return to sport after knee surgery and can be expected to influence rehabilitation and athletic activity after cartilage repair as well. 57,178 Psychological factors that may affect the rehabilitation process include the fear of reinjury (kinesiophobia), coping, emotions, commitment, confidence in performance, and athlete's control of outcome. Useful tools that can be used to evaluate the influence of psychosocial factors on rehabilitation include the Knee Efficacy Scale and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia.…”

Return to running following knee osteochondral repair using an anti-gravity treadmill: A case report

“…39 Internal locus of control is related to more proactive health behaviours and has been shown to be an important factor in determining K-SESPRESENT but not K-SESFUTURE. 38 Knee-related function in sports and recreation has been shown to be a factor in knee self-efficacy.…”