A new interpretation of kinematic stormflow generation

Williams, Andy; Dowd, John F.; Meyles, E. W.

doi:10.1002/hyp.1071

Cited by 37 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Movement through macropores may result in transport of herbicides to impermeable layers (bedrock, etc.) where they move along those impermeable layers to streams (Williams et al, 2002;Buttle and McDonald, 2002).…”

Section: Stream Contamination During Application and Storm Runoffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Best Management Practices for Silvicultural Chemicals and the Science Behind Them

Michael

2004

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus

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Abstract. Silvicultural chemicals include fertilizers and pesticides applied for forest management. All states east of the Rockies have at least some form of silvicultural chemical best management practices (SCBMPs) and it is widely accepted that SCBMPs effect some protection of water quality. All SCBMPs recommend handling and application precautions and a minimum width streamside management zone (SMZ) on each side of streams for protection of water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Typically these zones increase in width as stream width increases. In areas where cold-water fish are present, additional widths are designated for their protection. Minimum SMZ widths range from 8 to 91 meters on each side of the stream bank for intermittent and perennial streams. Most SMZ recommendations do not cover ephemeral drainages, ditches or canals. SMZs are generally described as being site specific with width dependent on slope, soil type and other conditions as well as the stream's designation as perennial or intermittent. The science behind SCBMPs is often elusive. Spray drift can be controlled through proper selection and use of application technology while considering site specific conditions. SMZs greatly reduce the amount of herbicides reaching streams. Available toxicological data and research on aquatic ecosystem impacts from herbicide use suggest that additional protection from silvicultural chemicals may not be necessary. However, there is evidence to suggest that protection of ephemeral and intermittent channels can further reduce entry of silvicultural chemicals into streams and also reduce sedimentation. This may be the most fruitful area of research we can pursue in light of the knowledge gaps listed.

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Section: Stream Contamination During Application and Storm Runoffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Best Management Practices for Silvicultural Chemicals and the Science Behind Them

Michael

2004

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus

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“…Studies have found different controls on how stored water travels rapidly to the stream: transmissivity feedback (Kendall et al, 1999;Bishop, 1991), macropore flow (McDonnell, 1990), pressure wave propagation (Torres et al, 1998;Williams et al, 2002) and hydrodynamic mixing (Jones et al, 2006). However, open questions remain in quantifying the difference between celerity and velocity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sprinkling experiment to quantify celerity–velocity differences at the hillslope scale

Verseveld

Barnard

Graham³

et al. 2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Few studies have quantified the differences between celerity and velocity of hillslope water flow and explained the processes that control these differences. Here, we asses these differences by combining a 24-day hillslope sprinkling experiment with a spatially explicit hydrologic model analysis. We focused our work on Watershed 10 at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in western Oregon. Celerities estimated from wetting front arrival times were generally much faster than average vertical velocities of δ 2 H. In the model analysis, this was consistent with an identifiable effective porosity (fraction of total porosity available for mass transfer) parameter, indicating that subsurface mixing was controlled by an immobile soil fraction, resulting in the attenuation of the δ 2 H input signal in lateral subsurface flow. In addition to the immobile soil fraction, exfiltrating deep groundwater that mixed with lateral subsurface flow captured at the experimental hillslope trench caused further reduction in the δ 2 H input signal. Finally, our results suggest that soil depth variability played a significant role in the celerityvelocity responses. Deeper upslope soils damped the δ 2 H input signal, while a shallow soil near the trench controlled the δ 2 H peak in lateral subsurface flow response. Simulated exit time and residence time distributions with our hillslope hydrologic model showed that water captured at the trench did not represent the entire modeled hillslope domain; the exit time distribution for lateral subsurface flow captured at the trench showed more early time weighting.

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“…Macropore flow of old water has been observed for over 20 yr now (McDonnell, 1990) but there is still much ongoing discussion regarding whether this rapid effusion of old, pre-event water, is indeed preferential flow or pressure wave displacement (Torres et al, 1998;Williams et al, 2002) or some combination of both. These questions lie at the heart of the double paradox, as outlined by Kirchner (2003) and tested by Bishop et al (2004), and quantification of flow and transport processes that connect the plot, hillslope and catchment scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macropore flow of old water revisited: experimental insights from a tile-drained hillslope

Klaus

Zehe

Elsner

et al. 2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

135

133

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Abstract. The mechanisms allowing the rapid release of stored water to streams are poorly understood. Here we use a tile-drained field site to combine macroporous soils at the hillslope scale with the advantage of at least partly controlled lower boundary conditions. We performed a series of three irrigation experiments combining hydrometric measurements with stable isotope and bromide tracers to better understand macropore-matrix interactions and stored water release processes at the hillslope scale. Stable isotope concentrations were monitored in the irrigation water, the tile-drain discharge and the soil water before and after the experiment. Bromide was measured every 5-15 min in the tile-drain hydrograph. Different initial conditions for each experiment were used to examine how these influenced flow and transport. Different amounts of irrigation water were necessary to increase tile-drain discharge above the baseflow level. Hydrograph separation based on bromide data revealed that irrigation water contributions to peak tile-drain discharge were on the order of 20 %. Oxygen-18 and deuterium data were consistent with the bromide data and showed that pre-event soil water contributed significantly to the tile-drain event flow. However, the isotopic composition of soil water converged towards the isotopic composition of irrigation water through the course of the experiment. Mixing calculations revealed that by the end of the irrigation experiments 20 % of the soil water in the entire profile was irrigation water. The isotopic data showed that the pre-event water in the tile drain was mobilized in 20-40 cm soil depth where the macroporematrix interaction leads to an initiation of macropore flow after a moisture threshold is exceeded.

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A new interpretation of kinematic stormflow generation

Cited by 37 publications

References 30 publications

Best Management Practices for Silvicultural Chemicals and the Science Behind Them

Best Management Practices for Silvicultural Chemicals and the Science Behind Them

A sprinkling experiment to quantify celerity–velocity differences at the hillslope scale

Macropore flow of old water revisited: experimental insights from a tile-drained hillslope

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