Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is a prominent climate-change hot
spot, with many socioeconomically vital coastal areas being the most
vulnerable targets for maritime safety, diverse met-ocean hazards and marine
pollution. Providing an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution at
wide coastal areas, high-frequency radars (HFRs) have been steadily gaining
recognition as an effective land-based remote sensing technology for
continuous monitoring of the surface circulation, increasingly waves and
occasionally winds. HFR measurements have boosted the thorough scientific
knowledge of coastal processes, also fostering a broad range of
applications, which has promoted their integration in coastal ocean
observing systems worldwide, with more than half of the European sites
located in the Mediterranean coastal areas. In this work, we present a
review of existing HFR data multidisciplinary science-based applications in
the Mediterranean Sea, primarily focused on meeting end-user and
science-driven requirements, addressing regional challenges in three main
topics: (i) maritime safety, (ii) extreme hazards and (iii) environmental
transport process. Additionally, the HFR observing and monitoring regional
capabilities in the Mediterranean coastal areas required to underpin the
underlying science and the further development of applications are also
analyzed. The outcome of this assessment has allowed us to provide a set of
recommendations for future improvement prospects to maximize the
contribution to extending science-based HFR products into societally
relevant downstream services to support blue growth in the Mediterranean
coastal areas, helping to meet the UN's Decade of Ocean Science for
Sustainable Development and the EU's Green Deal goals.