In this paper, we considered the improved element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method for solving 2D anisotropic steadystate heat conduction problems. The improved moving least-squares (IMLS) approximation is used to establish the trial function, and the penalty method is applied to enforce the boundary conditions, thus the final discretized equations of the IEFG method for anisotropic steady-state heat conduction problems can be obtained by combining with the corresponding Galerkin weak form. The influences of node distribution, weight functions, scale parameters and penalty factors on the computational accuracy of the IEFG method are analyzed respectively, and these numerical solutions show that less computational resources are spent when using the IEFG method.