“…First, to compare the performances of three asset pricing models, we adopt the stochastic discount factor approach and employ the following three tests: the overidentifying test of the generalized methods of moments (GMM) estimation proposed by Hansen (1982); the Hansen-Jagannathan bounds for the stochastic discount factor by Hansen and Jagannathan (1991); and the Hansen-Jagannathan distance by Hansen and Jagannathan (1997). Because Dechow, Sloan and Soliman (2004), and Schröder and Esterer (2012), do not use the stochastic discount factor approach, they do not examine whether the stochastic discount factor including the duration-risk-factor prices stock returns or not. We are also able to compare the performance of the three asset pricing models by using the HansenJagannathan distance.…”