A new method for assessing the risk of accident associated with darkness

A whole-year approach showing that ambient light level influences walking and cycling

“…Following the method used by Johansson et al 18 to compare daylight and after-dark ambient light conditions across the year, a case hour and two control hours were defined. The case hour, 18:00-18:59, was chosen because it would be in daylight during part of the year and darkness during the rest of the year, due to seasonal changes in the time of sunset.…”

“…To address the second and third limitations, the previous analysis 15 used an OR approach in which changes during the case hour were compared against changes in control hours, an extension to previous studies using the DST approach. 16 This paper reports a further analysis carried out to validate the previous findings 15 by analysing the same database of pedestrian and cyclist count data but using the alternative approach to analysis as proposed by Johansson et al 18 …”

“…18 First, analysis makes use of data for a single case hour over a relatively short time before and after each clock change, which reduces the number of events available for analysis. Second, using data for the weeks before and after the daylight savings transition may introduce bias attributable to seasonal variation in transport decisions, for example, conditions are likely to get worse as winter approaches (but note that analysis of weather data did not suggest outdoor temperature nor rainfall to be significant factors in the previous analysis 15 ).…”

Road lighting research for drivers and pedestrians: The basis of luminance and illuminance recommendations

“…There are limitations of this approach, for example, the use of a single hour of the day reduces the sample size, and the change in light may be confounded by changes in transport choice 116 and seasonal variation in weather and road surface conditions. Johansson et al 117 used an alternative approach, identifying a case hour that was in either darkness or daylight according to seasonal variation in sunrise and sunset times. Data from the whole year can be considered.…”

The Deterministic and Stochastic Risk Assessment Techniques in the Work Sites: A FTA-TRF Case Study

“…Baker et al, 1998;Kontogiannis et al, 2000;Reiners et al, 2005aReiners et al, , 2005bMarhavilas and Koulouriotis, 2007, 2008, 2011Marhavilas et al, 2011aMarhavilas et al, , 2011bDoytchev and Szwillus, 2008;Marhavilas, 2009aMarhavilas, , 2009bColli et al, 2009;Johansson et al;Lim and Zhang, 2009). A basic classification of the risk analysis and assessment methodologies based on the literature, includes the deterministic (DET) approach and the stochastic (STO) approach (Marhavilas and Koulouriotis, 2011).…”