A new method for continuous monitoring of series resonance frequency and simple determination of motional impedance parameters for loaded quartz-crystal resonators

Arnau, Antonio; Sogorb, T.; Jiménez, Yolanda

doi:10.1109/58.911746

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…If an impedance analyzer is not available, the corresponding standard [34], or an alternative method described elsewhere [35], can be used. A more accurate determination of

C_{o}^{*}

can be made at a frequency as high as the double of the resonant frequency [36].…”

Section: Qcm Sensor Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Interface Electronic Systems for AT-cut Quartz Crystal Microbalance Applications in Liquids

Arnau

2008

Sensors

163

133

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From the first applications of AT-cut quartz crystals as sensors in solutions more than 20 years ago, the so-called quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor is becoming into a good alternative analytical method in a great deal of applications such as biosensors, analysis of biomolecular interactions, study of bacterial adhesion at specific interfaces, pathogen and microorganism detection, study of polymer film-biomolecule or cell-substrate interactions, immunosensors and an extensive use in fluids and polymer characterization and electrochemical applications among others. The appropriate evaluation of this analytical method requires recognizing the different steps involved and to be conscious of their importance and limitations. The first step involved in a QCM system is the accurate and appropriate characterization of the sensor in relation to the specific application. The use of the piezoelectric sensor in contact with solutions strongly affects its behavior and appropriate electronic interfaces must be used for an adequate sensor characterization. Systems based on different principles and techniques have been implemented during the last 25 years. The interface selection for the specific application is important and its limitations must be known to be conscious of its suitability, and for avoiding the possible error propagation in the interpretation of results. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the different techniques used for AT-cut quartz crystal microbalance in in-solution applications, which are based on the following principles: network or impedance analyzers, decay methods, oscillators and lock-in techniques. The electronic interfaces based on oscillators and phase-locked techniques are treated in detail, with the description of different configurations, since these techniques are the most used in applications for detection of analytes in solutions, and in those where a fast sensor response is necessary.

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“…If an impedance analyzer is not available, the corresponding standard [34], or an alternative method described elsewhere [35], can be used. A more accurate determination of

C_{o}^{*}

can be made at a frequency as high as the double of the resonant frequency [36].…”

Section: Qcm Sensor Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Interface Electronic Systems for AT-cut Quartz Crystal Microbalance Applications in Liquids

Arnau

2008

Sensors

163

133

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“…As shown in figure 1, the FTO consists of a circuit to cancel the inter-electrodes capacitance, a charge amplifier and a Phase Locked Loop (mixer, corrector and VCO) to control the zero phase shift over the resonator and thus to track its resonance frequency. The FTO is commonly used for MEMS vibrating sensors, its benefits have been demonstrated for QCM sensors [1,2], MEMS gyroscopes [3] and MEMS accelerometers [4], and the FTO also allows including self-test loops in the oscillator [5,6]. Studies have been undertaken to model the FTO in order to set properly the corrector parameters [7,8,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase noise analysis of the Frequency Tracking Oscillator

Lévy

Dupret

Mathias

2010

2010 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium

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The Frequency Tracking Oscillator (FTO) is being more and more used to drive vibrating MEMS sensors resonators (inertial sensors and mass sensors) because of its ability to control the phase shift over the resonator and thus to track the resonance frequency. The goal of this work is to study the FTO phase noise that determines the sensor resolution. First a phase noise model of the FTO is presented, then simulations are performed to quantify the impact of oscillator elements phase noises on the output phase noise. Finally model simulations are compared to experimental phase noise measurements.

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“…For example, ultrasonic motors, piezoelectric transducers, induction heating loads, resonant inverter loads, microelectromechanical gyroscopes, cavity resonators, cyclotrons and second order bandpass filters can be modeled as resonant systems (lightly damped series or parallel RLC circuits). [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In order to achieve optimal performance (maximum power transmission, resonance amplification or signal selectivity), the resonant frequency of such a system must be matched to its excitation frequency. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] However, disturbances such as environmental change, load variation, manufacturing variability, aging, fatigue damage, microphonics or electromagnetic detuning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and design of resonance tuning systems

Jeltema

Gokcek

2004

SPIE Proceedings

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A control system that tunes the resonant frequency of a lightly damped resonator to its excitation frequency in the face of detuning disturbances is investigated. The resonance tuning is achieved by adaptively controlling the resonant frequency of the resonator using the error between the excitation frequency and resonant frequency. Assuming that the parameters of the resonator are slowly time-varying, a nonlinear time-varying model that accurately predicts the tuning performance of the system is developed. This developed model is subsequently linearized to obtain a linear time-invariant model that facilitates both analysis and design of the resonance tuning system. Based on the developed linear time-invariant model, guidelines for designing the resonance tuning system are provided. The results are illustrated by examples.

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A new method for continuous monitoring of series resonance frequency and simple determination of motional impedance parameters for loaded quartz-crystal resonators

Cited by 40 publications

References 27 publications

A Review of Interface Electronic Systems for AT-cut Quartz Crystal Microbalance Applications in Liquids

A Review of Interface Electronic Systems for AT-cut Quartz Crystal Microbalance Applications in Liquids

Phase noise analysis of the Frequency Tracking Oscillator

Analysis and design of resonance tuning systems

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