A New Method for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract

Late effects of total- or partial-body irradiation include chronic kidney injury (CKI), which increases morbidity and mortality. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard measure of kidney function. Renal function markers, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr), may not be higher than reference ranges until 50% or more of nephrons are affected. Currently available methods to measure GFR are difficult and expensive, requiring multiple blood draws or timed urine collections, but their use can provide a framework for the development of simpler GFR estimates. The measurement of iohexol clearance is a validated tool used to determine GFR in veterinary patients. In this study, we aimed to determine if the Schwartz formula as used in human pediatric medicine can estimate GFR in rhesus macaques. We hypothesized that iohexol-GFR would correlate with the Schwartz formula-estimated GFR (eGFR) in irradiated and non-irradiated rhesus macaques. Twelve rhesus macaques [age 5–14 years (mean 7 years); 5 females, 7 males] with a range of BUN levels were selected for comparison to 4 non-irradiated controls (2 females, 2 males). Irradiated animals were divided by BUN into 3 groups: BUN ≤20 mg/dL (n = 4), BUN >20–24 mg/dL (n = 4), and BUN ≥25 mg/dL (n = 4). Baseline serum chemistry and urinalysis were used to assess renal function. For measurement of GFR, macaques were maintained under general anesthesia and received an intravenous injection of iohexol (2 mL/kg, 300 mg I/mL). Whole blood was collected at 10, 30, 60 and 90 min post-iohexol injection. Plasma iohexol concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry. GFR was calculated from the peak iohexol concentration and trapezoidal area under the curve (tAUC). The iohexol-GFR significantly correlated with the Schwartz formula-eGFR. In macaques with renal irradiation doses below 6 Gy, GFR was higher for males than females. GFR was lower in macaques with renal irradiation doses greater than 6 Gy compared to macaques with renal doses less than 6 Gy. We conclude that use of the Schwartz formula can provide a rapid, non-invasive, cost-effective, and accurate estimation of GFR to aid in the clinical assessment of renal function in irradiated rhesus macaques.