A New Method to Evaluate the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Domestic Laundry Detergents

Schages, Jan; Stamminger, Rainer; Bockmühl, Dirk P.

doi:10.1002/jsde.12401

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…To determine the effect of domestic laundering on antibiotic-resistant strains, test runs were performed in a lab-scale washing machine (Rotawash) using the method of Schages et al ( 44 ). The 1-liter vessels of the lab-scale washing machine represent the drum of a domestic washing machine, and the parameters ballast load of textiles, soil ballast, and detergent were adjusted to a volume of 0.5 liter of water, while eight steel beads simulated the mechanical action of a washing machine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, phenotypic resistance was not determined, and the bla genes were analyzed only qualitatively. Although the impact of domestic laundering was assessed in this study, we focused on different conditions and used a newly developed method to be able to analyze the rinsing cycle as well ( 44 ). Furthermore, we investigated the effect of automated dishwashing on antibiotic-resistant bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Household Resistome: Frequency of β-Lactamases, Class 1 Integrons, and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Domestic Environment and Their Reduction during Automated Dishwashing and Laundering

Schages

Lucassen

Wichern

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Households provide a habitat for bacteria originating from humans, animals, foods, contaminated clothes or other sources. Thus, bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) might be introduced via household members, animals or the water supply from these habitats into private households and vice versa. Since data on ABR in the domestic environment is limited, this study aimed to determine the abundance and correlation of β-lactamase, mobile colistin resistance and class 1 integron genes and to characterize phenotypic resistant strains in 54 private households in Germany. Additionally, the persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria to automated dishwashing compared to laundering was assessed. Shower drains, washing machines and dishwashers were sampled and analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Resistant strains were isolated, followed by identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing using VITEK 2. The results show a significantly higher relative ARG abundance of 0.2367 ARG copies/16S rDNA copies in shower drains compared to dishwashers (0.1329 ARG copies/16S rDNA copies) and washing machines (0.0006 ARG copies/16S rDNA). blaCMY-2, blaACT/MIR and blaOXA-48 were the most prevalent ARG and intI1 occurred in 96.3% of the households while no mcr genes were detected. Several β-lactamase genes co-occurred and resistance of bacterial isolates correlated positively with genotypic resistance, with carbapenemase genes dominating across isolates. Antibiotic resistant bacteria were significantly reduced during automated dishwashing as well as laundering tests and did not differ from susceptible strains. Overall, the domestic environment might represent a potential reservoir of β-lactamase genes and β-lactam resistant bacteria with shower drains as the dominant source of ABR. Importance The abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria and ARGs is steadily increasing and has been comprehensively analyzed in natural environments, animals, foods or wastewater treatment plants. In this respect, β-lactams and colistin are of particular interest due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Despite of the connection of private households to these environments, only few studies focused on the domestic environment so far. Therefore, the present study further investigated the occurrence of ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria in shower drains, washing machines and dishwashers. The analysis of the domestic environment as a potential reservoir of resistant bacteria is crucial to determine whether households contribute to the spread of ABR or might be a habitat where resistant bacteria from the natural environment, humans, food or water are selected due to the use of detergents, antimicrobial products and antibiotics. Furthermore, ABR could limit treatment options of infections arising in the domestic environment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Household Resistome: Frequency of β-Lactamases, Class 1 Integrons, and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Domestic Environment and Their Reduction during Automated Dishwashing and Laundering

Schages

Lucassen

Wichern

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…To assess the antimicrobial performance of products containing acetic acid for use in laundry detergents, a laboratory washing machine (Rotawash M228C, SDL Atlas, Rock Hill, SC, USA)) was used as described in Schages et al [34]. To simulate a normal household washing machine all quantities were downscaled adequately, i.e.…”

Section: Determination Of the Antibacterial Activity In Laundering Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the present study aimed to provide data on the antimicrobial efficacy of acetic acid, especially when used in domestic cleaning and laundering procedures. For this purpose, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral efficacy tests based on existing and adapted standard protocols have been conducted to evaluate the hygienic potential of acetic acid [31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Did granny know best? Evaluating the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral efficacy of acetic acid for home care procedures

Zinn

Bockmühl

2020

BMC Microbiol

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Background: Acetic acid has been used to clean and disinfect surfaces in the household for many decades. The antimicrobial efficacy of cleaning procedures can be considered particularly important for young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised people, but may also concern other groups, particularly with regards to the COVID-19 pandemics. This study aimed to show that acetic acid exhibit an antibacterial and antifungal activity when used for cleaning purposes and is able to destroy certain viruses. Furthermore, a disinfecting effect of laundry in a simulated washing cycle has been investigated. Results: At a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid, acetic acid showed a reduction of > 5-log steps according to the specifications of DIN EN 1040 and DIN EN 1275 for the following microorganisms: P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, K. pneumoniae, E. hirae and A. brasiliensis. For MRSA a logarithmic reduction of 3.19 was obtained. Tests on surfaces according to DIN EN 13697 showed a complete reduction (> 5-log steps) for P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, E. hirae, A. brasiliensis and C. albicans at an acetic acid concentration of already 5%. Virucidal efficacy tests according to DIN EN 14476 and DIN EN 16777 showed a reduction of ≥4-log-steps against the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) for acetic acid concentrations of 5% or higher. The results suggest that acetic acid does not have a disinfecting effect on microorganisms in a dosage that is commonly used for cleaning. However, this can be achieved by increasing the concentration of acetic acid used, especially when combined with citric acid. Conclusions: Our results show a disinfecting effect of acetic acid in a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid against a variety of microorganisms. A virucidal effect against enveloped viruses could also be proven. Furthermore, the results showed a considerable antimicrobial effect of acetic acid when used in domestic laundry procedures.

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“…For this purpose, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral e cacy tests based on existing and adapted standard protocols have been conducted to evaluate the hygienic potential of acetic acid. (31)(32)(33)(34) The results show that acetic acid in all tested concentrations lead to a complete reduction for P. aeruginosa and A. brasiliensis. For E. coli, a complete reduction could be achieved when using 10% acetic acid concentration, either alone or in combination with 2% citric acid.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Did Granny know best? Evaluating the Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Efficacy of Acetic Acid for Home Care Procedures.

Zinn

Bockmühl

2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background: Acetic acid has been used to clean and disinfect surfaces in the household for many decades. The antimicrobial efficacy of cleaning procedures can be considered particularly important for young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised people, but may also concern other groups, particularly with regards to the COVID-19 pandemics. This study aimed to show that acetic acid exhibit an antibacterial and antifungal activity when used for cleaning purposes and is able to destroy certain viruses. Furthermore, a disinfecting effect of laundry in a simulated washing cycle has been investigated. Results: At a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid, acetic acid showed a reduction of >5-log steps according to the specifications of DIN EN 1040 and DIN EN 1275 for the following microorganisms: P. aeruginosa , E. coli , S. aureus , L. monocytogenes , K. pneumoniae , E. hirae and A. brasiliensis . For MRSA a logarithmic reduction of 3.19 was obtained. Tests on surfaces according to DIN EN 13697 showed a complete reduction (> 5-log steps) for P. aeruginosa , E. coli , S. aureus , E. hirae , A. brasiliensis and C. albicans at an acetic acid concentration of already 5%. Virucidal efficacy tests according to DIN EN 14476 and DIN EN 16777 showed a reduction of ≥ 4-log-steps against the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) for acetic acid concentrations of 5% or higher. The results suggest that acetic acid does not have a disinfecting effect on microorganisms in a dosage that is commonly used for cleaning. However, this can be achieved by increasing the concentration of acetic acid used, especially when combined with citric acid. Conclusions: Our results show a disinfecting effect of acetic acid in a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid against a variety of microorganisms. A virucidal effect against enveloped viruses could also be proven. Furthermore, the results showed a considerable antimicrobial effect of acetic acid when used in domestic laundry procedures.

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A New Method to Evaluate the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Domestic Laundry Detergents

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

The Household Resistome: Frequency of β-Lactamases, Class 1 Integrons, and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Domestic Environment and Their Reduction during Automated Dishwashing and Laundering

The Household Resistome: Frequency of β-Lactamases, Class 1 Integrons, and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Domestic Environment and Their Reduction during Automated Dishwashing and Laundering

Did granny know best? Evaluating the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral efficacy of acetic acid for home care procedures

Did Granny know best? Evaluating the Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Efficacy of Acetic Acid for Home Care Procedures.

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