A New Method to Reduce Cure-Induced Stresses in Thermoset Polymer Composites, Part III: Correlating Stress History to Viscosity, Degree of Cure, and Cure Shrinkage

Abstract

Non-thermoelastic effects such as cure shrinkage of a polymer can play a role in residual stresses in composite parts. Studies have shown that cure shrinkage can place significant stresses on fibers. Therefore, the cure cycle of 3501-6 epoxy resins was modified to change its cure shrinkage characteristics to minimize the stresses. New cure strategies were developed using volumetric dilatometry, differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric cure monitoring, and a unique single fiber stress test method. Cure cycles were modified to balance the resin's thermal expansion with its cure shrinkage. In some cases, a region of constant volume was achieved for a short time. However, the cure shrinkage eventually dominated over thermal expansion in all cycles as the polymer gelled. Changing the cure cycle affected the degree of cure at the point where the fiber/matrix interface developed as well as the amount of cure shrinkage occurring afterwards. A higher degree of cure at this point leads to longer stress relaxation time. Furthermore, less cure shrinkage at this point leads to less stress on the fibers. Also, slow heating rates allow more time for the polymer to relax and relieve stresses caused by cure shrinkage. Finally, a cure cycle that minimizes stresses due to cure shrinkage has been demonstrated.

Determination of Shrinkage and Modulus Development of Thermosetting Resins

“…This design requires the venting of air from the plastic pouch and the confining oil. Russell et al [8] used a PVT (Pressure Volume Temperature) apparatus for the measurement of volumetric shrinkage of epoxy resins. The two designs mentioned seem to have the ability to measure the shrinkage of thermoset resins during cure.…”

Investigation of curing effects on distortion of fibre metal laminates

“…[27], Russel et Al. [28] and Mergheim et Al. [29] also concluded that chemical shrinkage should be considered in the evaluation of residual stresses.…”

Modeling the process-induced dimensional variations of general curved composite components and assemblies

“…After demolding, the composite is usually post-cured at an elevated temperature above T g . During this process, the stresses induced by curing can be significantly relaxed [24][25][26]. For some resin systems, such as epoxy, the curing strain during conversion can be neglected in the analysis of residual stress [27].…”