A new microsporidian parasite,<i>Heterosporis saurida</i>n. sp. (Microsporidia) infecting the lizardfish,<i>Saurida undosquamis</i>from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia: ultrastructure and phylogeny

Al‐Quraishy, Saleh; Abdel‐Baki, Abdel‐Azeem S.; Al-Qahtani, Hussain A.; Dkhil, Mohamed A.; Casal, Graça; Azevedo, Carlos

doi:10.1017/s0031182011001971

Cited by 16 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Recently, a novel microsporidian, H. saurida , was described from lizardfish (Al‐Quraishy et al . ). The parasite infects skeletal muscle, body cavity and mesenteric tissues and forms white, cyst‐like structures, which contain numerous spores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

In vitro cultivation model for Heterosporis saurida (Microsporidia) isolated from lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis (Richardson)

Kumar

Saleh

Abdel‐Baki

et al. 2013

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Heterosporis saurida is a microsporidian that infects lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848), in the Arabian Sea. Spores were isolated from infected lizardfish and used to infect derived fish cell lines: common carp brain (CCB), epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC), fathead minnow epithelial (FHM), rainbow trout gonad (RTG), bluegill fry (BF-2) and chinook salmon embryo (CHSE). Non-fish cell lines were also tested that include: insect (SF-9), rabbit (RK-13) and African green monkey (Vero E6). No growth of H. saurida was observed in any fish cell line, SF-9 or Vero E6 cell lines. H. saurida spores grew only in RK-13 cell line and were detected by immunofluorescence. Developmental stages of H. saurida were seen in RK-13 cells by light and transmission electron microscopy, and species identification was confirmed by sequencing. This study demonstrated that H. saurida was able to proliferate in the mammalian RK-13 cell line, which thus represents an in vitro model for conducting molecular genetics and cell-pathogen interaction studies of Heterosporis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

In vitro cultivation model for Heterosporis saurida (Microsporidia) isolated from lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis (Richardson)

Kumar

Saleh

Abdel‐Baki

et al. 2013

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…Molecular and ultra-structural studies of H. saurida have been limited to in vivo and gene sequence analyses (Peyghan et al 2009, Al-Quraishy et al 2012. A cell culture model will offer a valuable means to explore molecular and immunological events, which helps in the development of effective therapeutic agents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection was determined by the occurrence of numerous cysts in the abdominal cavity, skeletal muscles, and the mesenteric tissues (Al-Quraishy et al 2012). Using 2 sterile scalpels, cysts were carefully opened and spores were released into a Petri dish and collected in 2 ml microcentrifuge tubes.…”

Section: Collection Of Heterosporis Saurida Sporesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreaks can reach epizootic levels, especially under hatchery conditions, which favor transmission (Lom & Dykova 1992, Schmahl & Benini 1998. High mortality rates caused by Heterosporis saurida have contributed to declines in production of economically important fish, and subsequent financial losses in aquaculture industries (Al-Quraishy et al 2012). Microsporidia were originally identified as fungi, but they were reclassified as protozoans by the end of the 19th century, an assignation that was accepted for over 100 yr until molecular techniques and phylogenetic analyses placed microsporidia back into the Fungi (Nageli 1857, Pasteur 1870, Hirt et al 1999, Keeling et al 2000, Keeling & Fast 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2000, Heterosporis has been confirmed in yellow perch Perca flavescens in the USA (Miller 2009). Most recently, H. saurida has been described from lizardfish Saurida undosquamis in the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia (Al-Quraishy et al 2012). These Hetero sporis species, in particular, cause significant pathogenic effects on the host and hence have negative economic consequences in the fish trade (AlQuraishy et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro growth of the microsporidian Heterosporis saurida in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line

Saleh¹,

Kumar²,

Abdel‐Baki³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Heterosporis saurida is an intracellular microsporidian that infects lizardfish Saurida undosquamis. Although some attempts have been introduced to clarify microsporidian host−pathogen interactions, development of novel strategies to combat fish diseases is still needed. Here we present an in vitro cultivation model for fish microsporidia based on an eel kidney cell line (EK-1), which is susceptible to infection by H. saurida. Spores were isolated from infected lizardfish and used to inoculate EK-1 cells. H. saurida were propagated in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line and detected by immunofluorescence. Developmental stages of H. saurida were seen in EK-1 cells by transmission electron microscopy. Identity of the parasite was confirmed by partial se quencing of the 16S rDNA gene. Our cell culture model provides a valuable means to explore molecular and immunological events and will facilitate development of effective treatment strategies.KEY WORDS: Fish · Microsporidia · Heterosporis saurida · Disease · Cell culture · EK-1 cell line Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 108: [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] 2014 tured eels in Japan (Hoshina 1951), H. schuberti in cultured ornamental cichlids and loricarid catfish from Germany (Lom et al. 1989), and H. finki in cultured angelfish Pterophyllum scalare from France (Michel et al. 1989). An undetermined species of Heterosporis was reported from cultured bettas Betta splendens in Thailand (Lom et al. 1993). Since 2000, Heterosporis has been confirmed in yellow perch Perca flavescens in the USA (Miller 2009). Most recently, H. saurida has been described from lizardfish Saurida undosquamis in the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia (Al-Quraishy et al. 2012). These Hetero sporis species, in particular, cause significant pathogenic effects on the host and hence have negative economic consequences in the fish trade (AlQuraishy et al. 2012).Interest in in vitro propagation of certain microsporidia has intensified recently because several microsporidia are found to have low host specificity (Rinder et al. 2000, Sutherland et al. 2000, Lores et al. 2003, Coyle et al. 2004, Kumar et al. 2013, and some genera have been identified as opportunistic pathogens of humans, especially patients with ac quired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS; Didier 2005). Microsporidia that parasitize humans have also been reported in domestic animals, which may represent reservoir hosts , Rinder et al. 2000. The fact that microsporidia have been observed in fishes and can be cultured in mammalian cell lines, e.g. Hetero spo rosis sp. in the rabbit kidney epithelial cell line RK-13, supports the hypothesis that mammals may be natural reservoir hosts of fish microsporidia (Lores et al. 2003, Kumar et al. 2013.Although cell and tissue cultures are essential tools for the propagation and study of obligate intracellular pathogens such as microsporidia, research is hinde red by a lack of suitable cell cultures for propagation and study of fish microspor...

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Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Microsporidian ParasiteHeterosporis sutherlandae: Prevalence, Severity, and Transmission

2021

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Heterosporis sutherlandae is an invasive microsporidian parasite in the Great Lakes region of North America that infects the skeletal muscle of numerous fish species, rendering the fillet unfit for human consumption. Although H. sutherlandae has been identified as a pathogen of concern by state management agencies, there is little information to inform regulation and intervention. We sampled fishes over 1 year from three lakes in northern Minnesota with known infected populations to determine the importance of host demographic and environmental variables for influencing H. sutherlandae infection prevalence. Heterosporis sutherlandae was present during all sampling periods, ranging in prevalence from 1% to 11%. The prevalence of H. sutherlandae among Yellow Perch Perca flavescens varied significantly according to season, with winter having the lowest prevalence (1%) and summer having the highest prevalence (11%). For other fish species, the prevalence of H. sutherlandae also varied significantly with season: the lowest prevalence occurred during spring (1%) and the highest prevalence occurred in fall (9%). Rates of pathogen transmission were estimated by exposing Fathead Minnows Pimephales promelas in the laboratory. Transmission rates were 23% when naïve fish were fed infected tissues and only 2% when naïve fish were held in cohabitation with tissue‐fed fish. Exposure method and exposure duration (d) increased the probability that a fish was infected with H. sutherlandae. These findings suggest that H. sutherlandae transmission is greater when a susceptible host consumes infected tissue than when the fish is exposed to spores present in the water column. The current rates of infection in wild fishes are in stark contrast to the prevalence documented in 2004 (28%), suggesting a reduction in H. sutherlandae prevalence within at least one Yellow Perch population in the Laurentian Great Lakes region since the early 2000s.

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A new microsporidian parasite,Heterosporis sauridan. sp. (Microsporidia) infecting the lizardfish,Saurida undosquamisfrom the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia: ultrastructure and phylogeny

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

In vitro cultivation model for Heterosporis saurida (Microsporidia) isolated from lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis (Richardson)

In vitro cultivation model for Heterosporis saurida (Microsporidia) isolated from lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis (Richardson)

In vitro growth of the microsporidian Heterosporis saurida in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line

Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Microsporidian ParasiteHeterosporis sutherlandae: Prevalence, Severity, and Transmission

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