“…Instead, meta-heuristic algorithms show strong strengths like flexibility, derivation-free mechanisms, and local optima avoidance [25]. And, a group of promising meta-heuristic algorithms is utilized to solve the ALBP-related problems, which include grey wolf algorithm [26], discrete artificial swarm algorithm [27], multi-objective cellular genetic algorithm [28], and hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm [29]. Among the emerging meta-heuristic algorithms, whale optimization algorithm (WOA) shows advantages such as simple concept, less adjustment parameter, and easy implementation [30].…”