“…Different from general risk evaluation methods that analyze problems after an adverse event occurs, FMEA is a tool for proactive risk assessment and management, evaluating and eliminating failures before they occur or reach customers [9,10]. Therefore, it has been widely utilized in various practical scenarios, such as cold-chain logistics management [11], healthcare services [12], energy issues [13,14], semiconductor manufacturing [15], etc. Usually, a classic FMEA model includes the following four steps: (1) failure modes (FMs) and their causes and results are identified; (2) the risk priorities of FMs are determined by risk priority numbers (RPNs), which involves three risk factors: the probability of occurrence (O), the severity of effects (S), and the difficulty of detection (D); (3) the risk priority ranking of FMs is obtained, such that the FMs with larger RPN values would cause severer problems, requiring higher priorities; (4) corresponding measures are taken for high-risk issues [10,16,17].…”