A new multilevel coding method using error-correcting codes

Bit-interleaved coded modulation with shaping

“…Multilevel codes (MLC) combined with multistage decoding (MSD) have been proposed [5], [6] as an efficient method to attain the channel capacity by using binary codes. For BICM, a single binary code C is used to generate a binary codeword, which is used to select modulation symbols by means of a binary labeling function µ.…”

“…For a fixed input distribution on the bits, MLC achieve the mutual information [5], [6] both with MAP joint decoding and with multistage decoding. The largest information rate that can be achieved with MLC under the constraint x ∈ X is C mlc = sup…”

“…In contrast, BICM separates them, and maps a simple binary code onto a non-binary modulation [2], [3], [4]. MLC makes use of multiple binary codes, one for each bit in the binary label of the modulation symbol [5], [6].…”

Multilevel generalised low-density parity-check codes

“…Introduction: Multilevel coding (MLC) was proposed by Imai and Hirawaki [1] as a bandwidth-efficient coded modulation scheme designed for protecting each bit of a non-binary symbol with the aid of binary codes, while maintaining different target bit error rates (BERs). Parallel independent decoding (PID) [2] is employed as an efficient decoding strategy with reduced decoding delay, where there is no information exchange across the different protection classes.…”

Energy efficient error-correcting coding for wireless systems

“…This method is called the multi-level coding (MLC) [34], [35]. At the receiver, we can decode the sequence of x 1 first then pass the decision to the next decoder which decodes the sequence of x 2 .…”