A new perspective on HIV: effects of HIV on brain-heart axis

Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can cause damage to multiple systems within the body, and the interaction among these various organ systems means that pathological changes in one system can have repercussions on the functions of other systems. However, the current focus of treatment and research on HIV predominantly centers around individual systems without considering the comprehensive relationship among them. The central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system play crucial roles in supporting human life, and their functions are closely intertwined. In this review, we examine the effects of HIV on the CNS, the resulting impact on the cardiovascular system, and the direct damage caused by HIV to the cardiovascular system to provide new perspectives on HIV treatment.

Association between lactate metabolism‑related molecules and venous thromboembolism: A study based on bioinformatics and an in vitro model

“…A total of four DE-LMRMs were identified in the VTE group, with SLC16A1 demonstrating decreased expression levels, whereas SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and SLC5A12 demonstrated increased expression. Reportedly, these DE-LMRMs are primarily responsible for LA transport ( 12 , 26 ), which suggests that abnormal LA transport may be involved in VTE pathogenesis. Machine learning models have previously been used to predict prevalence of a number of diseases, with lower error rates and superior results compared with conventional logistic regression ( 27 ).…”

“…The expression of SLC16A1 was significantly decreased in the OGD group, consistent with the prediction results. Further, MCT1, which is encoded by SLC16A1, is primarily expressed in VECs ( 12 ) and decreased SLC16A1 expression may limit excretion of intracellular LA, which results in an increase in intracellular LA levels, cell acidification and impaired cell function ( 35 ). The expression levels of proteins encoded by EMB, LDHB, SCL16A7, SLC5A12 and SLC16A8 did not change significantly in the OGD compared with the control group.…”

“…However, LA does not provide energy to cells but must first be converted by LDHB to pyruvate, which can then be used as a substrate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( 15 ). LA in VECs is primarily excreted through monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) 1( 12 ) and Stabenow et al ( 16 ) reported that an increase in LA levels promotes VEC aging, which may be associated with increased conversion of pyruvate to LA by LDHA. Franczyk et al ( 17 ) suggested that abnormal LA metabolism may be associated with VTE.…”

A Retrospective Analysis of Central and Peripheral Metabolic Characteristics in Patients with Cryptococcal Meningitis

“…Tu et al found that patients with CM with structural damage of the brain had a higher percentage of poor prognosis [ 13 ]. Studies have consistently shown that patients with structural damage of the brain not only have neurological disorders but also may have damage to multiple organ systems throughout the body [ 14 – 16 ].…”

“…Accumulating evidence suggests that complex interaction exists between CNS and other systems, where the brain acts as the higher regulatory center, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the final effector in regulating the activities of other systems, particularly the energy metabolism of peripheral systems (also clarified as peripheral organ systems) [ 17 – 19 ]. While the brain is diseased, the normal neuroregulatory network is affected, resulting in changes in the peripheral system [ 16 , 20 – 23 ]. Most current treatment strategies and investigations on CM focus primarily on the CNS, often overlooking the complex interplay between the CNS and the peripheral system.…”