A New Predictive Vehicle Particulate Emissions Index Based on Gasoline Simulated Distillation

Geng, Pat; Collin, W.; Akers, Veronica

doi:10.4271/2022-01-0489

SAE Technical Paper Series

2022

DOI: 10.4271/2022-01-0489

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A New Predictive Vehicle Particulate Emissions Index Based on Gasoline Simulated Distillation

Pat Geng¹,

W. Collin²,

Veronica Akers³

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2023

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Cited by 2 publications

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Correlation of Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis with Simulated Distillation of US Market Gasoline Samples and its Effect on the PEI-SimDis Equation of Calculated Vehicle Particulate Emissions

Reilly¹,

Goralski²,

Salyers³

et al. 2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Several predictive equations based on the chemical composition of gasoline have been shown to estimate the particulate emissions of light-duty, internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles and are reviewed in this paper. Improvements to one of them, the PEI<sub>SimDis</sub> equation are detailed herein. The PEI<sub>SimDis</sub> predictive equation was developed by General Motor’s researchers in 2022 based on two laboratory gas chromatography (GC) analyses; Simulated Distillation (SimDis), ASTM D7096 and Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis (DHA), ASTM D6730. The DHA method is a gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) methodology and provides the detailed speciation of the hundreds of hydrocarbon species within gasoline. A DHA’s aromatic species from carbon group seven through ten plus (C7 – C10+) can be used to calculate a Particulate Evaluation Index (PEI) of a gasoline, however this technique takes many hours to derive because of its long chromatography analysis time. A faster (< 15 min.), but lower resolution chromatography technique known as SimDis, which uses wide bore capillary GC and a flame ionization detector (FID) can be used to analyze a gasoline’s boiling point (volatility) characteristics. The PEI<sub>SimDis</sub> equation was developed using multiple Boiling Point range windows from the SimDis GC analysis relating to the aromatic species identified by the DHA. An enhanced PEI<sub>SimDis</sub> equation is shown [<span class="xref">Eq. 5</span>] and has been shown to correlate strongly to other predictive particulate emissions equations such as Particulate Matter Index (PMI) and PEI. The SimDis GC method and subsequent enhanced PEI<sub>SimDis</sub> predictive equation provides a rapid estimate of a gasoline’s tendency to produce vehicle particulate emissions [<span class="xref">7</span>].</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">As a continuation from previous work (P.Geng et al., 2022), this paper presents a study of the correlation of DHA and SimDis, but this time using a wide range of U.S. market gasoline samples.</div></div>

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Correlation of Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis with Simulated Distillation of US Market Gasoline Samples and its Effect on the PEI-SimDis Equation of Calculated Vehicle Particulate Emissions

Reilly¹,

Goralski²,

Salyers³

et al. 2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Gasoline Simulated Distillation Profiles of U.S. Market Gasoline and Impacts on Vehicle Particulate Emissions

Geng,

Butler,

Studzinski

et al. 2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A gasoline’s distillation profile is directly related to its hydrocarbon composition and the volatility (boiling points) of those hydrocarbons. Generally, the volatility profiles of U.S. market fuels are characterized using a very simple, low theoretical plate distillation separation, detailed in the ASTM D86 test method. Because of the physical chemistry properties of some compounds in gasoline, this simple still or retort distillation has some limitations: separating azeotropes, isomers, and heavier hydrocarbons. Chemists generally rely on chromatographic separations when more detailed and precise results are needed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">High-boiling aromatic compounds are the primary source of particulate emissions from spark ignited (SI), internal combustion engines (ICE), hence a detailed understanding and high-resolution separation of these heavy compounds is needed. This paper presents analysis of 159 U.S. market gasoline samples using D86 distillation and ASTM D6730 detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA). The samples ranged in Particulate Matter Index (PMI) from 0.925 to 2.540 or Particulate Evaluation Index (PEI) of 0.584 to 2.715. Additional analysis was performed on 80 of the samples using ASTM D7096, a chromatographic method, to generate higher resolution simulated distillation (SimDis) profiles. SimDis cutpoints (%-off values) in the range of T95 to T98 show good correlation to PMI and PEI, demonstrating that SimDis analysis can provide a useful assessment of the PM-formation tendency of market gasolines.</div></div>

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A New Predictive Vehicle Particulate Emissions Index Based on Gasoline Simulated Distillation

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Correlation of Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis with Simulated Distillation of US Market Gasoline Samples and its Effect on the PEI-SimDis Equation of Calculated Vehicle Particulate Emissions

Correlation of Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis with Simulated Distillation of US Market Gasoline Samples and its Effect on the PEI-SimDis Equation of Calculated Vehicle Particulate Emissions

Gasoline Simulated Distillation Profiles of U.S. Market Gasoline and Impacts on Vehicle Particulate Emissions

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