A new probability formula for surveys to substantiate freedom from disease

Cameron, Angus; Baldock, F. C.

doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(97)00081-0

Cited by 294 publications

(235 citation statements)

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“…For instance, if the sensitivity of a test is low a bigger sample would be required. According to the ELISA manufacturer, the specificity of the cELISA is 100%, while sensitivity is 96.47%, if we use the EpiTools software (Cameron & Baldock 1998) to determine the size sample considering the sensitivity and specificity of the method described above, and with a population size of 13110, a SVB prevalence of 0.05, and a type I and II error of 0.05, the total animals to be sampled would be 61 bovines. Even though the bovine population is increased, the number of animals to be sampled is the same.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ausencia de Anticuerpos IgG al virus de Schmallenberg en sueros de rumiantes (bovino, caprinos y ovinos) colectados en Costa Rica entre 2012 y 2014.

Villegas-Salas¹,

Alvarado

Trejos-Araya

et al. 2017

Ciencias Veterinarias

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Absence of IgG antibodies against Schmallenberg virus in ruminant sera (bovine, goat and sheep) Abstract Schmallenberg virus affects ruminants, which causes significant economic losses. The virus is transmitted through vectors of the genus Culicoides; however, other studies do not rule out the possibility of sexual transmission due to its presence in semen. For this reason, the National Service of Animal Health of Costa Rica (SENASA) imposed restrictions on the import of semen from animals from the European Union in 2013. Consequently, SENASA conducted a study to determine the presence or absence of antibodies against this virus in bovine, ovine and caprine samples. As a result, no antibodies against this virus were detected in the 748 samples tested. It was concluded that Schmallenberg virus was not circulating in Costa Rican ruminants during the tested period.Keywords: Ruminants, SENASA, Schmallenberg virus, Costa Rica, serology. ResumenEl virus de Schmallenberg afecta a rumiantes produciendo pérdidas económicas importantes, el cual se transmite a través de artrópodos del género Culicoides, sin embargo, no se descarta la posibilidad de transmisión sexual debido a la presencia del virus en semen, razón por la cual, el Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal de Costa Rica (SENASA), estableció restricciones a la importación de semen de rumiantes procedentes de la Unión Europea en el 2013. En consecuencia, el SENASA realizó un estudio para determinar la presencia o ausencia de anticuerpos contra este virus en muestras de bovinos, ovinos y caprinos. Como resultado de este estudio no se encontró la presencia anticuerpos contra el virus de Schmallenberg en ninguna de las 748 muestras evaluadas, por lo que se concluye que este virus no está circulando en los rumiantes de Costa Rica.Palabras claves: Rumiantes, SENASA, virus Schmallenberg, Costa Rica, serología.Rev. Ciencias Veterinarias, Vol. 35, N° 2,[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] IntroductionReports of emerging and re-remerging viral diseases have increased over the last decade. Some of these etiological agents produce diseases that concern health authorities and professionals worldwide because of the unpredictable effects and impact of these agents (Ruiz-Fons 2012).Diseases transmitted by arthropods that affect human and animal populations are causing serious local and international health problems, especially in underdeveloped countries. Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a clear example of these emerging diseases (Alarcón-Elbal & Lucientes 2012). This epizootic disease began in the summer of 2011 in northwestern Germany and the eastern region of the Netherlands. In October 2011, the virus was identified by researchers of the Friedrich Loeffler Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health in Germany (Bilk et al. 2012). Schmallenberg disease was characterized by clinical signs such as fever, diarrhea, and decreased milk production (Gariglinany et al. 2012). The acute disease in pregnant females was followed by an epidemic of stillbirths an...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ausencia de Anticuerpos IgG al virus de Schmallenberg en sueros de rumiantes (bovino, caprinos y ovinos) colectados en Costa Rica entre 2012 y 2014.

Villegas-Salas¹,

Alvarado

Trejos-Araya

et al. 2017

Ciencias Veterinarias

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“…However, we applied the changes suggested by Kriger et al (2006), ran all samples in duplicate and always added three standards reactions containing DNA from 100, 10, 1, and 0.1 Bd genome equivalents and a negative control. To calculate the probability of freedom from disease for the amphibian populations at the Kirchfeld study area, we used FreeCalc software (Cameron & Baldock 1998), assuming a population prevalence of 5 % (as found in other Austrian populations, Sztatecsny unpubl. ), and a test sensitivity of 97 % (Hyatt et al 2007).…”

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can protected mountain areas serve as refuges for declining amphibians? Potential threats of climate change and amphibian chytridiomycosis in an alpine amphibian population

Sztatecsny¹,

Hödl²

2009

ecomont

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In June 2004 and June 2005, we checked 40 and 134 ponds respectively for alive and dead alpine newts, common toads, common frogs, and their clutches on the "Kirchfeld" plateau in the Northern Limestone Alps of Austria. We found several hundred dead common frogs and alpine newts in the two consecutive years and also observed an unusually high number of heterospecific matings between common toads and common frogs in 2004. In order to test whether the observed mortalities were caused by disease, we screened 98 individuals of the three species for chytridiomycosis, a highly infective fungal disease, in 2008. All samples proved to be negative. We therefore assume that the high losses for the common frog population (26 % in 2004 and 9 % in 2005) during the spring migration, as well as the breakdown of the temporal premating isolation between the common frog and common toad, were caused by temperature anomalies alone, i.e. sudden low temperatures after a warm spring period. The high number of dead alpine newts found in 2005 was negatively correlated to the oxygen saturation of the ponds, frequently covered by ice during the early breeding season. We discuss the possible effects of climate change on phenological timing, breeding isolation and chytridiomycosis in alpine amphibian populations. 19R e search eco.m o n t -Vo l u m e 1 , N u m b e r 2 , D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 9 ISSN 2073-106X print version ISSN 2 0 7 3 -1 5 5 8 o n l i n e v e r s i o n : h t t p : / / e p u b . o e a w. a c . a t / e c o . m o n t

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“…This point has been studied in the veterinary field for a number of years [20] and computer programs are now available to evaluate the "herd" diagnostic value for all the cases observed [10,11,13].…”

Section: Sensitivity and Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this, specific computer software may be indispensable (e.g. the FreeCalc program [10,11]). Note that the average herd-level sensitivity will be p. Table IV.…”

Section: Determining How Many Animals Are To Be Studied In Each Herdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed criteria to determine whether a territory is free of a given animal disease

2001

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-This text describes the general principles underlying the concept of disease-free territory and the required statistical basis for the corresponding epidemiological surveillance operations. Among the essential points, it is emphasised that "disease-free" status should be given only under conditions substantiating the absence of infection (or infestation) and not simply on basis of a known low level of infection (or infestation). This manuscript also raises concerns about possible confusion that has arisen between the inevitable requirement to set a threshold on the level of detection of epidemiological surveillance tools, for economic reasons, and the acceptance of a level of infection (or infestation) that is known, but occurring below the accepted threshold, when according the official status of "territory-free from a given disease". In such a situation, it would be preferable to accord the status of "territory where the disease is in the process of eradication". free territory / infectious disease / prevalence rate threshold Résumé -Proposition de critères pour déclarer un territoire indemne d'une maladie animale. Ce texte rappelle les principes généraux sur lesquels devrait être fondée la notion de territoire indemne d'une maladie, ainsi que les bases statistiques nécessaires aux opérations d'épidémiosurveillance correspondantes. Parmi les éléments essentiels, les auteurs insistent sur la nécessité de ne conférer l'appellation « indemne de » que lorsqu'il n'est pas possible de prouver l'infection (ou l'infestation) et non pas lors de la présence certaine d'un faible taux d'infection (ou d'infestation). Ils attirent l'attention sur la confusion qui a dû s'installer entre l'inévitable exigence de fixer une limite au niveau de détec-tabilité des outils d'épidémiosurveillance, pour des raisons économiques, et l'acceptation d'un taux d'infection (ou d'infestation) connu, mais situé au-dessous de ce niveau, pour l'attribution officielle de la qualification « indemne de ». Pour une telle situation (prévalence faible, située au-dessous d'un seuil défini en fonction des caractéristiques épidémiologiques des maladies), l'appellation « territoire où la maladie est en voie d'éradication » est préférable.territoire indemne / maladie infectieuse / prévalence limite acceptable Vet. Res. 32 (2001) 545-563 545

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A new probability formula for surveys to substantiate freedom from disease

Cited by 294 publications

References 4 publications

Ausencia de Anticuerpos IgG al virus de Schmallenberg en sueros de rumiantes (bovino, caprinos y ovinos) colectados en Costa Rica entre 2012 y 2014.

Ausencia de Anticuerpos IgG al virus de Schmallenberg en sueros de rumiantes (bovino, caprinos y ovinos) colectados en Costa Rica entre 2012 y 2014.

Can protected mountain areas serve as refuges for declining amphibians? Potential threats of climate change and amphibian chytridiomycosis in an alpine amphibian population

Proposed criteria to determine whether a territory is free of a given animal disease

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