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Summary Data assimilation for uncertainty reduction (DAUR) using reservoir simulators demands high computational time and resources. Depending on the reservoir model, the process can take days or weeks. Therefore, it is desirable to speed up the process to increase its efficiency, keeping the quality of the result. Our aim in this paper is to present a new methodology for data assimilation (DA) using the capacitance-resistance model (CRM), integrated with fractional flow (FF) models, to reduce the computational time and resources in the process. The methodology brings novel contributions, such as (a) applying the CRM in a probabilistic manner for DA, (b) developing a new FF approach, and (c) proposing a new approach for aquifer modeling under uncertainty. The methodology was successfully applied in a real field case. To validate the CRM results, we compared the DA process using the CRM with the DA results using the reservoir simulator. This comparison showed a very good agreement between the results. Notably, the CRM approach was up to 279 times faster than the process using the reservoir simulator. We also validated the CRM results using several kinds of multidisciplinary geoengineering data from the same studied case, including (1) historical injection, (2) hydraulic communication analysis based on static well pressure, (3) water salinity measurements analysis, and (4) 4D seismic analysis. These analyses showed the consistency of the CRM results in terms of physical representativeness. After an extensive validation process, we can state that the CRM approach, combined with the novel FF proposed in this work, has great potential to be applied in DA, reservoir management, and production strategy optimization, thus contributing to the acceleration of the decision-making process.
Summary Data assimilation for uncertainty reduction (DAUR) using reservoir simulators demands high computational time and resources. Depending on the reservoir model, the process can take days or weeks. Therefore, it is desirable to speed up the process to increase its efficiency, keeping the quality of the result. Our aim in this paper is to present a new methodology for data assimilation (DA) using the capacitance-resistance model (CRM), integrated with fractional flow (FF) models, to reduce the computational time and resources in the process. The methodology brings novel contributions, such as (a) applying the CRM in a probabilistic manner for DA, (b) developing a new FF approach, and (c) proposing a new approach for aquifer modeling under uncertainty. The methodology was successfully applied in a real field case. To validate the CRM results, we compared the DA process using the CRM with the DA results using the reservoir simulator. This comparison showed a very good agreement between the results. Notably, the CRM approach was up to 279 times faster than the process using the reservoir simulator. We also validated the CRM results using several kinds of multidisciplinary geoengineering data from the same studied case, including (1) historical injection, (2) hydraulic communication analysis based on static well pressure, (3) water salinity measurements analysis, and (4) 4D seismic analysis. These analyses showed the consistency of the CRM results in terms of physical representativeness. After an extensive validation process, we can state that the CRM approach, combined with the novel FF proposed in this work, has great potential to be applied in DA, reservoir management, and production strategy optimization, thus contributing to the acceleration of the decision-making process.
In the early stages of offshore low-permeability oil field development, it is crucial to ascertain the productivity of production wells to select high-production, high-quality reservoirs, which affects the design of the development plan. Therefore, accurate evaluation of well productivity is essential. Drill Stem Testing (DST) is the only way to obtain the true productivity of offshore reservoirs, but conducting DST in offshore oilfields is extremely costly. This article introduces a novel productivity evaluation method for horizontal wells in offshore low-permeability reservoirs based on an improved theoretical model, which relieves the limitations of traditional methods. Firstly, a new horizontal well productivity evaluation theoretical model is derived, with the consideration of the effects of the threshold pressure gradient, stress sensitivity, skin factor, and formation heterogeneity on fluid flow in low-permeability reservoirs. Then, the productivity profiles are classified based on differences in the permeability distribution of horizontal well sections. Thirdly, the productivity evaluation equation is modified by calculating correction coefficients to maximize the model’s accuracy. Based on the overdetermined equation concepts and existing DST productivity data, the derived correction coefficients in this paper are x1 = 3.3182, x2 = 0.7720, and x3 = 1.0327. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied in an offshore low-permeability reservoir with nine horizontal wells, increasing the productivity evaluation accuracy from 65.80% to 96.82% compared with the traditional Production Index (PI) method. This technology provides a novel approach to evaluating the productivity of horizontal wells in offshore low-permeability reservoirs.
The objective of this work is to present a new practical methodology to manage petroleum fields considering three stages (life-cycle, short-term, and real-time) that can run alongside different model fidelities and characteristics. The model-based field management process follows the general methodology proposed by Schiozer et al. (2019) with four activities: (1) fit-for-purpose models construction, (2) data assimilation for uncertainty reduction, (3) life-cycle production optimization and (4) short-term optimization for real-time implementation. The selection of the production strategy for field management comprehends the last two activities. Life-cycle optimization is the first stage of the process and generates control setpoints for short-term analysis. Short-term optimization is then used to improve the quality of the solutions considering the control parameters of the next cycle (considering a closed-loop procedure). Real-time solution is then implemented considering operational disturbances from real operations. The methodology was applied to a benchmark case (UNISIM-IV-2026) which is a case based on a typical carbonate field from the Brazilian Pre-salt, with light oil and submitted to Water-Alternate-Gas injection with CO2 (WAG-CO2). The results show that the methodology is applicable to real and complex fields. As the three stages can run simultaneously, one can (1) use different model fidelities to improve the quality of the solutions and (2) use model-based solutions for real-time implementation. Life-cycle optimization using complex simulation models and long-term objectives can run in the background to generate control setpoints for short-term analysis in which lower fidelity models and simplified solutions can be used for the control and field revitalization parameters of each closed-loop cycle. Real-time solutions can be implemented considering operational problems and disturbances. This work presents a novel procedure to integrate three stages for production optimization that can run in parallel, allowing the integration of life-cycle and real-time solutions. The methodology (1) allows the use of complex reservoir simulation models from the life-cycle production strategy optimization, (2) focuses short-term control parameters that improve the quality of the short-term solution, and (3) guides real-time implementation, so it can be the basis to a digital field management.
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