“…The purpose of nucleoside extraction is to improve separation and detection efficiency and obtain higher signals of the analytes by removing salts, proteins, and uninterested nucleosides, especially large amounts of normal nucleosides, from the matrix. The initial extraction methods enrich free nucleosides from biological samples such as serum and urine, normally based on hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions, ion exchange, and affinity with 1,2-cis-diol compounds with commercial materials, such as HLB [ 64 , 65 ] and WCX [ 66 ], as well as new materials such as graphene [ 67 ], polymers [ 68 ], metal oxides [ 69 , 70 , 71 ], and boronate-decorated substrates [ 72 , 73 , 74 ], which are also used for the extraction of nucleoside products after enzymatic digestion to further increase signal response. The shapes of substrate and extraction devices influence extraction efficiency [ 75 , 76 ].…”