A new rapid technique for the characterization of lignin in vascular plants: thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)

Clifford, David; Carson, Daniel M.; McKinney, Daniel; Bortiatynski, Jacqueline M.; Hatcher, Patrick G.

doi:10.1016/0146-6380(94)00109-e

Cited by 236 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As in the NMR data, small differences were found among the treated bulk samples. The chromatograms whose peaks are identified in Table 2 were virtually identical and were dominated by peaks derived from lignin (Clifford et al 1995). Methylated derivatives of the three lignin phenol types known to be constituents of nonwoody angiosperms like Juncus are represented as aldehyde, acid methyl esters, and various methylated phenols with one, two, and three-carbon side chains present either as olefinic chains or saturated chains with substi- Juncus @usus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Natural photolysis by ultraviolet irradiance of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter to simple substrates for rapidbacterial metabolism

Wetzel

Hatcher

Bianchi

1995

Limnology & Oceanography

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490

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Whole leachate and humic and fulvic acid fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from senescent littoral aquatic plants were exposed to varying spectra of ultraviolet radiation as well as natural UV of sunlight over different periods of time. Examination of the DOM by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and pyrolytic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry before and after photolysis revealed only subtle changes to the bulk DOM. However, the DOM exposed to natural UV radiation showed immediate stimulation of and sustained bacterial growth. Chemical analyses by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the small organic fractions generated by photolysis of humic substances showed marked, pro-' gressively increasing release of numerous small fatty acids, particularly acetic, formic, citric, pyruvic, and levulinic, among others. Use of radiolabeled humic substances demonstrated that these small compounds photolyzed from the humic substances were readily metabolized by the bacteria.Dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the open ocean apparently originates largely from planktonic photosynthesis, and concentrations are usually quite low (0.5-2 mg C liter-l) (Wangersky 1984;Wetzel 1984;Meybeck 1993;Hedges et al. 1993). In inland waters, however, phenolic and other aromatic-based humic compounds, largely of terrestrial and higher aquatic plant origin, form a major component of dissolved organic acids of freshwaters and can constitute some 80% of the total DOM, 30-40% of which is composed of aromatic carbons (Malcolm 1990). Concentrations of 4-8 mg organic acids liter-l are common in surface waters and often exceed 25 mg liter-l in organic-rich waters, such as those of wetlands, floodplains of river ecosystems, and interstitial waters of hydrosoils (Wetzel 1984;Mann and Wetzel 1995).The higher concentrations of DOM in inland surface waters clearly result from high photosynthetic productivity within lake ecosystems, particularly associated with littoral and wetland regions, as well as large loadings of DOM from decomposition of plant materials within the drainage basin (Wetzel 1990(Wetzel , 1992. Similarly, the high photosynthesis and decomposition within the extensive Acknowledgments

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Natural photolysis by ultraviolet irradiance of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter to simple substrates for rapidbacterial metabolism

Wetzel

Hatcher

Bianchi

1995

Limnology & Oceanography

Self Cite

490

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“…TMAH-thermochemolysis-GC/MS yields lignin phenols that are equivalent to those produced by conventional alkaline CuO oxidation (Clifford et al, 1995;Hatcher et al, 1995;Yamamoto, 2000). The Σ8 and Λ values obtained by TMAH thermochemolysis are the same as those obtained by CuO oxidation, but the S/V ratio is lower, and the C/V and (Ad/Al) v ratios are higher in TAMH thermochemolysis than in CuO oxidation (Shuichi Yamamoto, unpublished data).…”

Section: Fig 4 the Degradation Products Of Lignin By Alkaline Cuo Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Pleistocene variation in lignin and fatty acids from core TKN-2004 in a small mountain basin in central Japan

2014

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We generated a record of lignin and fatty acid compositions from the TK-2004 core in Takano Basin, central Japan, during 39-162 ka by TMAH-thermochemolysis-GC/MS. We tested lignin and fatty acid compositions in the sediments of a small lake (1.88 km 2 watershed) as a paleovegetation proxy to understand the responses of terrestrial vegetation in central Japan to global climate change. Variation in terrestrial organic carbon contents estimated by C/N and ∑8 was parallel to the total organic content (TOC) variation, suggesting that the inflow of terrestrial organic matter was a major factor determining the TOC. The ratio of mid-chain C 20 -C 24 n-fatty acids to short-chain C 14 -C 18 n-fatty acids (MFA/SFA ratio) and the ratio of cinnamyl to vanillyl phenols (C/V ratio) of lignin gradually increased from mid-MIS 6 to early MIS 3. The increase in both parameters suggested increase in the contribution of submerged and floating plants as the flats were expanded in the lake margin. The ratio of syringyl to vanillyl phenols (S/V ratio) corresponded to the pollen vegetation index. This correspondence indicated that the S/V ratio reflected the relative abundance of angiosperms to gymnosperms in the Takano Basin. The consistency of the S/V ratio at the site of core TKN-2004 and the other two locations suggests that the S/V ratio in a small basin is a robust proxy for terrestrial vegetation on a regional scale.

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“…Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with in situ methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH-pyrolysis-GC/MS) has been used recently for the analysis of macromolecules such as lignin (e.g., Clifford et al, 1995;Hatcher et al, 1995). TMAH-pyrolysis-GC/MS yields lignin phenols that are equivalent to those produced by conventional alkaline CuO oxidation Yamamoto, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Quaternary variation of lignin composition in core MD01-2421 off central Japan, NW Pacific

Yamamoto

Ichikawa

Igarashi³

et al. 2005

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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In order to understand the responses of terrestrial vegetation in central Japan to global climate changes, we have generated the record of lignin composition from Core MD01-2421 off central Japan in the NW Pacific during the last 145,000 years by TMAH-pyrolysis-GC/MS. The relative abundance of lignin was significantly low in early MIS-1 and MIS-5e and higher in MIS-5c to early MIS-4. This reflects glacial-interglacial changes in sea level and riverine runoff. The ratio of syringyl (S)-to vanillyl (V)-phenols (S/V ratio), which is a contribution index of angiosperms against gymnosperms, was lower in MIS-2, MIS-4 and MIS-6, reflecting the glacial-interglacial variation of air temperature. The ratio of cinnamyl (C)-to vanillyl (V)-phenols (C/V ratio), which indicates the contribution of grasses, was higher in late MIS-2, early-mid 1 MIS-3 and MIS-6. The periods of higher C/V ratio correspond to the periods of lower sea surface temperatures (SSTs), suggesting a dry and cold climate in late MIS-2, mid-MIS-3 and MIS-6.

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A new rapid technique for the characterization of lignin in vascular plants: thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)

Cited by 236 publications

References 18 publications

Natural photolysis by ultraviolet irradiance of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter to simple substrates for rapidbacterial metabolism

Natural photolysis by ultraviolet irradiance of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter to simple substrates for rapidbacterial metabolism

Late Pleistocene variation in lignin and fatty acids from core TKN-2004 in a small mountain basin in central Japan

Late Quaternary variation of lignin composition in core MD01-2421 off central Japan, NW Pacific

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