A new record of Atlantic sea surface salinity from 1896 to 2013 reveals the signatures of climate variability and long‐term trends

Friedman, Andrew R.; Reverdin, Gilles; Khodri, Myriam; Gastineau, Guillaume

doi:10.1002/2017gl072582

Cited by 59 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Our findings rely on the model's representation of many complex and highly uncertain processes that may vary between models. We cannot test the historical forcing of the AMOC due to the lack of observations (Munoz et al, ; Srokosz et al, ), but the simulated (1920‐1980) AMOC variations are consistent with the CMIP5 multi‐model mean (Tandon & Kushner, ), and the simulations capture for example historical observations of sub‐polar sea surface salinity (Figure S15; Friedman et al, ) in addition to Atlantic and global SSTs.…”

Section: Summary Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Contrasting the Effects of the 1850–1975 Increase in Sulphate Aerosols from North America and Europe on the Atlantic in the CESM

Undorf

Bollasina

Booth

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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The extent and mechanisms of the Atlantic response to the historical (1850–1975) increase of sulphate aerosol emissions from North America and Europe as simulated in eight‐member ensemble experiments with the coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM1)‐Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 are contrasted. The results show that aerosols from either source cause a long‐term cooling of North Atlantic sea surface temperatures, with the patterns a combination of atmospheric aerosol effects and an aerosol‐induced strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The response to North American emissions is larger since prevailing winds cause wider aerosol spread over the Atlantic, collocated with climatological cloud cover. The Intertropical Convergence Zone shifts southward affecting tropical precipitation globally. The simulated (multi)decadal components of sea surface temperature and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation variability are furthermore primarily externally forced. The analysis provides novel insights into the mechanisms of aerosol impact on the Atlantic. It suggests that projected further emission reductions will lead to opposite changes.

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Section: Summary Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Contrasting the Effects of the 1850–1975 Increase in Sulphate Aerosols from North America and Europe on the Atlantic in the CESM

Undorf

Bollasina

Booth

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Models predict that elevated global temperatures will cause increased precipitations and ice melt and thereby rapidly decrease salinity of polar and coastal waters of the North Atlantic region (Gibson & Najjar, 2000;Loder, van der Baaren, & Yashayaev, 2015). Increasing evaporation, on the other hand, is likely to result in elevated salinity in regions around the equator (Boyer, Levitus, Antonov, Locarnini, & Garcia, 2005;Friedman, Reverdin, Khodri, & Gastineau, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenerational plasticity and selection shape the adaptive potential of sticklebacks to salinity change

Heckwolf

Meyer

Döring

et al. 2018

Evolutionary Applications

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In marine climate change research, salinity shifts have been widely overlooked. While widespread desalination effects are expected in higher latitudes, salinity is predicted to increase closer to the equator. We took advantage of the steep salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea as a space‐for‐time design to address effects of salinity change on populations. Additionally, genetic diversity, a prerequisite for adaptive responses, is reduced in Baltic compared to Atlantic populations. On the one hand, adaptive transgenerational plasticity (TGP) might buffer the effects of environmental change, which may be of particular importance under reduced genetic variation. On the other hand, physiological trade‐offs due to environmental stress may hamper parental provisioning to offspring thereby intensifying the impact of climate change across generations (nonadaptive TGP). Here, we studied both hypothesis of adaptive and nonadaptive TGP in the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) fish model along the strong salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea in a space‐for‐time experiment. Each population tolerated desalination well, which was not altered by parental exposure to low salinity. Despite a common marine ancestor, populations locally adapted to low salinity lost their ability to cope with fully marine conditions, resulting in lower survival and reduced relative fitness. Negative transgenerational effects were evident in early life stages, but disappeared after selection via mortality occurred during the first 12–30 days posthatch. Modeling various strengths of selection, we showed that nonadaptive transgenerational plasticity accelerated evolution by increasing directional selection within the offspring generation. Qualitatively, when genetic diversity is large, we predict that such effects will facilitate rapid adaptation and population persistence, while below a certain threshold populations suffer a higher risk of local extinction. Overall, our results suggest that transgenerational plasticity and selection are not independent of each other and thereby highlight a current gap in TGP studies.

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“…The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO; Enfield et al, ; Schlesinger & Ramankutty, ) is reported to have played a role in the decadal changes in the STUW O 2 (Montes et al, ), which may be associated with decadal changes in the STUW production. Furthermore, the AMO is positively correlated with the decadal changes in the SSS within the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (Friedman et al, ). Thus, decadal changes in both indexes linked to the changes in the atmospheric forcings could indicate decadal changes in the STUW production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Decadal Change in the North Atlantic Subtropical Underwater Associated With the Poleward Expansion of the Surface Salinity Maximum

Líu

Lin

2019

JGR Oceans

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Yu et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075772) reported that the annual mean sea surface salinity maximum (SSS‐max) in the North Atlantic expanded northward by 0.35 ± 0.11° per decade over the 34‐year data record (1979–2012). The expansion shifted and expanded the ventilation zone northward and increased the production of the Subtropical Underwater (STUW). As a result, the STUW became deeper, thicker, and saltier. In this study, the seasonal characteristics of the poleward expansion of the North Atlantic SSS‐max and their effects on the STUW are examined. The results show that the SSS‐max expansion occurred primarily during boreal spring (April, May, and June) and expanded northward by 0.43 ± 0.21° per decade over the 34‐year period. The annual volume of the STUW increased by 0.21 ± 0.09 1014 m3 per decade over the same period, and the spring (April, May, and June) volume increased by 0.31 ± 0.02 1014 m3 per decade (a relative increase of 48 ± 1%). The characteristics of the decadal changes in STUW were attributable to the increased subduction rate associated with the northward expansion of the SSS‐max. The annual subduction rate increased by 0.29 ± 0.07 Sv per decade over the 34 years, and the greatest increase of 1.73 ± 0.61 Sv per decade occurred in April. The change in subduction associated with the expansion of the SSS‐max appeared to be consistent with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

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A new record of Atlantic sea surface salinity from 1896 to 2013 reveals the signatures of climate variability and long‐term trends

Cited by 59 publications

References 83 publications

Contrasting the Effects of the 1850–1975 Increase in Sulphate Aerosols from North America and Europe on the Atlantic in the CESM

Contrasting the Effects of the 1850–1975 Increase in Sulphate Aerosols from North America and Europe on the Atlantic in the CESM

Transgenerational plasticity and selection shape the adaptive potential of sticklebacks to salinity change

Recent Decadal Change in the North Atlantic Subtropical Underwater Associated With the Poleward Expansion of the Surface Salinity Maximum

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