A New Relative Risk Index for Hospitals Exposed to Tsunami

Baiguera, Marco; Rossetto, Tiziana; Palomino, Juan; Dias, Priyan; López‐Querol, Susana; Siriwardana, Chandana; Hasalanka, Hashan; Ιωάννου, Ιωάννα; Robinson, David

doi:10.3389/feart.2021.626809

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As such, RVS aim to collect the minimum number of attributes necessary to inform a vulnerability assessment and to reduce the time required for the survey of any single asset (hence they are "rapid"). Past studies have used RVS to assign buildings to a vulnerability class, for the development of relative risk indices (e.g., Baiguera et al, 2021). They have also been used to identify building archetypes for the development of representative index buildings that are then analysed to develop fragility or vulnerability functions (e.g., D'Ayala et al, 2020).…”

Section: Existing Engineering Survey and Classification Methods For S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering surveys of Sri Lankan schools exposed to tsunami

Cels

Rossetto²,

Dias³

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami affected 5% of Sri Lanka’s schools, severely damaging 108 and destroying 74. The catastrophe highlighted the critical role of schools in providing educational continuity during community recovery. Sri Lanka has since rehabilitated and rebuilt most of the destroyed schools along the coastline. However, there is a limited understanding of current levels of school exposure to tsunami. This hampers preparedness and risk reduction interventions that can improve community and educational tsunami resilience. This paper presents a multi-disciplinary school exposure database relevant to both vulnerability and loss modelling. The repository includes data on 38 schools and 86 classroom buildings, surveyed across the coastal districts of Ampara, Batticaloa and Galle in Sri Lanka, which were heavily affected by the 2004 tsunami. A new engineering rapid visual survey tool is presented that was used to conduct the physical assessment of schools for the exposure repository. School damage mechanisms observed in past tsunami inform the survey forms, which are designed to capture information at both school compound and building levels. The tsunami engineering survey tools are universally applicable for the visual assessment of schools exposed to tsunami. The surveys show that most Sri Lankan school buildings can be classified into three building archetypes. This means that future risk assessments can be conducted considering a small number of index buildings that are based on these archetypes with differing partition arrangements and structural health conditions. The surveys also raise three significant concerns. Firstly, most schools affected by the 2004 tsunami remain in the same exposed locations without any consideration for tsunami design or strengthening provisions. Secondly, Sri Lankan schools are fragile to tsunami loading and many of the schools in the Galle district suffer from severe corrosion, which will further affect their tsunami vulnerability. Thirdly, schools do not appear prepared for tsunami, and do not have adequate tsunami warnings nor evacuation protocols in place. These observations raise the urgent need to mitigate tsunami risk, including a holistic plan for tsunami retrofitting and for interventions to improve the tsunami preparedness of schools in Sri Lanka.

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Section: Existing Engineering Survey and Classification Methods For S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering surveys of Sri Lankan schools exposed to tsunami

Cels

Rossetto²,

Dias³

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…Past studies have used RVS to assign buildings to a vulnerability class, for the development of relative risk indices (e.g. Baiguera et al, (2021)). They have also been used to identify building archetypes for the development of representative index buildings that are then analysed to develop fragility or vulnerability functions (e.g.…”

Section: Existing Engineering Survey and Classi Cation Methods For Sc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also neglect important damage mechanisms like scour and debris impact, or potential tsunami mitigation mechanisms like shielding from ow due to large barriers, which are based on observations of buildings' surroundings. The Hospital Engineering Assessment for Resilience to Tsunami and Storm Surge in Sri Lanka (HEARTS-SL) RVS presented in (Baiguera et al, 2021), does include the level of structural detail and information on building orientation and surroundings that is missing from the INSPIRE approach. It also extends traditional RVS by considering energy and other systems that are critical to determining the functionality of hospital units.…”

Section: Existing Engineering Survey and Classi Cation Methods For Sc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the forms are added to and modi ed to explicitly consider damage mechanisms from tsunami inundation and associated secondary hazards (e.g., scour and debris 2019). The ReSCOOL RVS tool consists of two survey forms, as was used in HEARTS-SL (Baiguera et al, 2021). The rst form provides a high-level overview of the school complex and supporting infrastructure (referred to hereafter as the 'school-level form').…”

Section: The New Rescool Rvs Tool For Evaluating Tsunami Exposure Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineering Surveys of Sri Lankan Schools Exposed to Tsunami

Cels

Rossetto

Dias

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami inflicted more than 35 ,000 casualties in Sri Lanka, a third of whom were children. It affected 5% of the country’s schools, severely damaging 108 and destroying 74. The catastrophe highlighted the critical role of schools in providing educational continuity and shelter during community recovery. Sri Lanka has since rehabilitated and rebuilt most of the destroyed schools along the coastline. However, there is a limited understanding of current levels of school exposure to tsunami. This limited understanding hampers preparedness and risk reduction interventions that can improve community and educational resilience to future tsunami. This paper presents a multi-disciplinary school exposure database relevant to both vulnerability and loss modelling. The repository includes data on 38 school and 85 classroom buildings, surveyed across the coastal districts of Ampara, Batticaloa and Galle in Sri Lanka, which were heavily affected by the 2004 tsunami. A new engineering rapid visual survey tool is presented that was developed and used to conduct the physical assessment of schools for the exposure repository. School damage mechanisms observed in past tsunami inform the survey forms, which are designed to capture information at both school complex and building levels. Though validated for Sri Lanka, the tsunami survey tools can be used worldwide for the visual assessment of school exposure to tsunami. The surveys show that most Sri Lankan school buildings can be classified into three building archetypes. This means that future risk assessments can be conducted considering a small number of index buildings that are based on these archetypes with differing partition arrangements and structural health conditions. The surveys also raise three significant concerns. Firstly, that most schools affected by the 2004 tsunami remain in the same exposed locations without any consideration for tsunami design or strengthening provisions. Secondly, that Sri Lankan schools are fragile to tsunami loading and that many of the schools in the Galle district are suffering from severe corrosion, which will further affect their vulnerability to tsunami. Thirdly, that schools do not appear prepared for future tsunami and other hazards, and do not have adequate evacuation protocol in place. These observations raise the urgent need to mitigate against tsunami risk, including a holistic plan for tsunami retrofitting and for interventions to improve the tsunami preparedness of schools in Sri Lanka.

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“…Currently, SSH-SL has been validated as more suitable to be utilized in Sri Lanka compared to the PTVA-4 model [3]. The Tsunami Relative Risk Index (TRRI) that quantifies the impact of tsunamis on critical units in hospitals is another outcome of the HEART-SL project [4].…”

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Ensuring the Safety of Sri Lankan Hospitals: Adaptation of the WHO “Safe Hospital” Initiative to Sri Lanka

Siriwardana¹

2021

BPRM

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As a critical infrastructure, hospitals have to play a pivotal role in the health and well-being of a community. Specially during a disaster, hospitals are supposed to treat victims while continuing their day-to-day functions. At the same time, a hospital has to withstand the impacts of the disaster itself while safeguarding patients, staff, and visitors. Therefore, ‘Making hospitals safer’ emerged as a major concern that is included in global disaster reduction frameworks. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2030 emphasizes the need for strengthening disaster resilience of critical infrastructures such as hospitals. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 also prioritize the concept of safe hospitals under the goals, Good health & well-being; and Industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

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A New Relative Risk Index for Hospitals Exposed to Tsunami

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Engineering surveys of Sri Lankan schools exposed to tsunami

Engineering surveys of Sri Lankan schools exposed to tsunami

Engineering Surveys of Sri Lankan Schools Exposed to Tsunami

Ensuring the Safety of Sri Lankan Hospitals: Adaptation of the WHO “Safe Hospital” Initiative to Sri Lanka

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