A new route to carbon black filled polyHIPEs

Menner, Angelika; Powell, Ronald J.; Bismarck, Alexander

doi:10.1039/b517731f

Cited by 68 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It was shown that the poor mechanical properties usually observed for polyHIPEs can be improved by increasing the continuous organic phase volume, using particle reinforcements or by changing the composition of the monomer phase 4, 7. However, little is reported on methods for improving the permeability of polyHIPEs.…”

Section: Composition Of Emulsion Templates Characterized By Internal mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since it is not possible to increase pore size and hence the permeability of conventional polyHIPEs while maintaining adequate mechanical properties6, 12 we decided to explore Pickering emulsion templating. Poly‐Pickering‐HIPE 2 (Table 1) was synthesized from a 3 w/v% oleic acid modified silica particle stabilized w/o emulsion template having 75 vol% internal phase 7a. SEM images (Figure 1b) showed poly‐Pickering‐HIPE 2 has a closed‐cell pore structure typical of poly‐Pickering‐HIPEs, having a pore size of 210 ± 8 μm but no pore throats were observed.…”

Section: Composition Of Emulsion Templates Characterized By Internal mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Permeable Macroporous Polymers Synthesized from Pickering Medium and High Internal Phase Emulsion Templates

et al. 2010

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Various applications require macroporous materials with high permeability and a significant compressive strength. For instance, the oil servicing industry is interested in utilizing a liquid medium that can be placed within the annulus between the oil bearing natural formation and a screen wrapped perforated pipe, which turns into a macroporous permeable and mechanically stable solid during a curing step. [1] The minimum requirements for the solid macroporous material are a permeability of 1 D (10 -12 m 2 ) and a compressive strength ≥ 3.5 MPa. This challenge could be addressed by employing high internal phase emulsions (HIPE), whose continuous phase consists of monomers, as a template to produce macroporous polymers, commonly known as poly(merized)HIPEs, [2] with a well defined controllable pore structure.However, conventional polyHIPEs synthesized from surfactant stabilized water-in-oil (w/o) HIPEs have poor mechanical properties [3, 4] and low permeabilities [5] due to the rather small pore and pore throat sizes. [2] Here we present a new approach for synthesizing polyHIPEs with much higher permeabilities and sufficient mechanical properties. We utilize the ability of w/o particle-stabilized HIPE templates (Pickering-HIPEs) to produce closed-cell macroporous polymers with large pores as reported recently by us. [6] We demonstrate that small amounts of

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Section: Composition Of Emulsion Templates Characterized By Internal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Composition Of Emulsion Templates Characterized By Internal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Permeable Macroporous Polymers Synthesized from Pickering Medium and High Internal Phase Emulsion Templates

et al. 2010

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“…There are drawbacks in all of these cases which include large consumption of organic solvents and reagents, as well as waste disposal. Moreover, polyHIPE materials are renowned for their poor mechanical properties,18–20 making them difficult to implement for many applications (such as catalysis, fuel cells, microfluidics, tissue engineering), where in fact thin macroporous films supported on a robust substrate would be a more viable alternative. One approach employed in the past to produce supported polyHIPE films has been the “breath figure method” whereby the condensation of water droplets onto a spin cast polymer layer serves to template an interconnected pore structure 21.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Plasmachemical and Emulsion Templating Approach for Actuated Macroporous Scaffolds

Morsch

Wood

Schofield

et al. 2011

Adv Funct Materials

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Functionalised macroporous scaffolds have been fabricated by a decoupled two-step approach comprising plasmachemical deposition of the host material followed by spontaneous emulsion formation using templating molecules. This unique approach allows pore architecture and surface functionalisation to be tailored independently. Other key features encompass conformality to a range of substrate materials or geometries, and the scope for introduction of a wide variety of pore surface functionalities, which for instance include pore size actuation.

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“…Numerous studies have explored methods to improve the mechanical properties of poly‐HIPEs based on W/O and O/W HIPEs. Incorporation of inorganic components or the addition of different types of monomers, crosslinkers, and emulsifiers were two methods to improve the mechanical strength of the poly‐HIPEs . Generally, the requirements for the mechanical strength of poly‐HIPEs in different applications are varied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of acrylamide‐based poly‐HIPEs with enhanced mechanical strength using PVDBM‐b‐PEG‐emulsified CO₂‐in‐water emulsions

Wang

Liu

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Poly(vinyl acetate-alt-dibutyl maleate)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PVDBM-b-PEG) copolymers were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization and used as emulsifiers to form stable CO 2 -in-water high internal phase emulsions (C/W HIPEs). Then, highly interconnected cellular polyacrylamide (PAM) and poly(acrylamide-co-N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide) [P(AM-co-HMAM)] poly-HIPEs with enhanced mechanical strength were prepared based on the stable C/W HIPEs. The porous structures of the PAM poly-HIPEs, as well as morphology and compressive modulus, could be influenced by the surfactant concentration and the length of the CO 2 -philic tails of the surfactants. PAM poly-HIPEs with the smallest average pore diameter (11.12 6 0.62 lm) and the highest compressive modulus (22.65 6 0.10 MPa) could be obtained by using the short CO 2 -philic chains of the PVDBM-b-PEG surfactant at a high concentration (1.0 wt %). Moreover, with the copolymerization of N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide (HMAM) comonomers with acrylamide, the compressive modulus of the obtained P(AM-co-HMAM) poly-HIPEs was three times higher than that of PAM poly-HIPEs. Both PAM and P(AM-co-HMAM) poly-HIPEs were employed as scaffolds to guide H9c2 cardiac muscle cellular growth. Fluorescence images showed that a smaller average pore size and a narrower pore-size distribution were helpful for cell growth and proliferation on these materials. INTRODUCTIONHigh internal phase emulsions (HIPEs, internal phase volume >74.05%) are of great interest in the synthesis of porous organic polymers (poly-HIPEs) by polymerizing the monomers dissolved in the external phase. 1 Removing the internal phase of HIPEs gives poly-HIPEs an open-cell and highly interconnected pore network structure. 2 Due to their advantages of high permeability, uniform cellular structure, easy preparation, and facile control of pore size, poly-HIPEs have been widely discussed as supports for catalysts, 3-5 scaffolds for cell culture, 6,7 and separation media 8 over the last several decades. Poly-HIPEs can be prepared from different HIPEs, such as water-in-oil (W/O) HIPEs, oil-in-water (O/W) HIPEs, and CO 2 -in-water (C/W) HIPEs. 9-11 Among these HIPEs, the C/W HIPE templating method is a green and facile approach, where the internal phase (CO 2 ) can be easily removed by simply depressuring the system. Meanwhile, no volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are used in the process, which makes it suitable for the synthesis of biocompatible materials like cell scaffolds. As we know, the porosity, interconnectivity, and pore size can significantly affect the transport issues of cell scaffolds, including cell migration, nutrient delivery, waste removal, and exclusion of materials or cells. 12 Nevertheless, CO 2 has a poor capability for dissolving most polar and macromolecular substances because of its weak polarity. The design of effective surfactants is a key factor in the formation of stable C/W emulsions as well as polymerization of C/W HIPEs. 13 In this regard, many research...

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A new route to carbon black filled polyHIPEs

Cited by 68 publications

References 30 publications

Highly Permeable Macroporous Polymers Synthesized from Pickering Medium and High Internal Phase Emulsion Templates

Highly Permeable Macroporous Polymers Synthesized from Pickering Medium and High Internal Phase Emulsion Templates

A Combined Plasmachemical and Emulsion Templating Approach for Actuated Macroporous Scaffolds

Preparation of acrylamide‐based poly‐HIPEs with enhanced mechanical strength using PVDBM‐b‐PEG‐emulsified CO₂‐in‐water emulsions

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A new route to carbon black filled polyHIPEs

Cited by 68 publications

References 30 publications

Highly Permeable Macroporous Polymers Synthesized from Pickering Medium and High Internal Phase Emulsion Templates

Highly Permeable Macroporous Polymers Synthesized from Pickering Medium and High Internal Phase Emulsion Templates

A Combined Plasmachemical and Emulsion Templating Approach for Actuated Macroporous Scaffolds

Preparation of acrylamide‐based poly‐HIPEs with enhanced mechanical strength using PVDBM‐b‐PEG‐emulsified CO2‐in‐water emulsions

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Product

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About

Preparation of acrylamide‐based poly‐HIPEs with enhanced mechanical strength using PVDBM‐b‐PEG‐emulsified CO₂‐in‐water emulsions