A New Rupicolous Species of the Pristimantis conspicillatus Group (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae) from Central Bahia, Brazil

Diversification of the Pristimantis conspicillatus group (Anura: Craugastoridae) within distinct neotropical areas throughout the Neogene

“…Similarly, our exploration of the diversity within the Pristimantis gr. conspicillatus highlights that it remains largely undocumented, as already suggested by other studies (Vacher et al, 2020;de Oliveira et al, 2020;Taucce et al, 2020). Considering that we found 75 putative species, this represents a two fold increase in species diversity as compared to the 38 currently recognized taxa that we have included, out of 47 existing nominal species assigned to the group.…”

“…One of them, the Pristimantis gr. conspicillatus, encompasses 47 currently recognized taxa occurring mainly at low and mid elevation in Amazonia but also in the Andes, the Atlantic Forest, the Dry Diagonal (Cerrado) and the trans-Andean forests (Choco, Central America) (Padial et al, 2014 updated from recent species descriptions: Padial et al, 2016;de Oliveira et al, 2020;Taucce et al, 2020;Acosta-Galvis et al, 2020;Acevedo et al, 2020;K€ ohler et al, 2022;Roberto et al, 2022 and preliminary results, Supplemental Appendix 1). The species richness of this species group seems particularly high in Western Amazonia notably along the Andean foothills.…”

“…However, the actual number of species probably remains vastly underestimated, as suggested by recent studies (e.g. Taucce et al, 2020;Vacher et al, 2020). Given that early branching lineages might be missing, phylogenetic relationships remain speculative and so do divergence times, currently indicative of an early diversification predating Neogene and the crown age of genus Pristimantis estimated to date back some 29.0 Ma (95% HDP ¼ 21.6-37.3 Ma, Waddell et al, 2018;Mendoza et al, 2015).…”

Rediscovery, redescription and identity of Pristimantis nebulosus (Henle, 1992), and description of a new terrestrial-breeding frog from montane rainforests of central Peru (Anura, Strabomantidae)

“…Comparison. Among the now 41 recognised species in the P. conspicillatus species group (Padial et al 2014(Padial et al , 2016de Oliveira et al 2017de Oliveira et al , 2020Taucce et al 2020), 12 species, including P. nebulosus, exhibit dorsolateral folds (Duellman and Lehr 2009;Padial et al 2016). Among these, P. avicuporum mainly differs by the presence of an interocular dermal fold, fingers bearing lateral fringes, and an upper eyelid with numerous tubercles (Duellman and Pramuk 1999;Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. buccinator mainly differs by continuous and prominent dorsolateral folds, an X-shaped or V-shaped dorsal fold and presence of an interorbital dermal ridge (Rodríguez 1994); P. condor mainly differs by larger male size (SVL 32.1-39.5 mm), finger I distinctly longer than finger II, lack of basal webbing between fingers II and III, and lack of basal webbing between toes (Lynch and Duellman 1980); P. conspicillatus mainly differs by finger I being distinctly longer than finger II, fingers with lateral keels, lack of basal webbing between fingers II and III, and posterior surfaces of thighs with orange spots in life (Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. malkini mainly differs by slightly larger male size (SVL 30.4-37.2 mm), finger I distinctly longer than finger II, and more extensive webbing between toes (Lynch 1980 Natural history.…”

“…Comparison. Among the now 42 recognised species in the P. conspicillatus species group (Padial et al 2014(Padial et al , 2016de Oliveira et al 2017de Oliveira et al , 2020Taucce et al 2020), 13 species, including P. symptosus, exhibit dorsolateral folds (Duellman and Lehr 2009;Padial et al 2016). Among these, P. adiastolus mainly differs from P. symptosus by more prominent and longer dorsolateral folds, finger I slightly shorter than finger II, and skin on dorsal surfaces shagreen ; P. avicuporum mainly differs by the presence of an interocular dermal fold, fingers bearing lateral fringes, and finely shagreen dorsal skin (Duellman and Pramuk 1999;Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. buccinator mainly differs by continuous and prominent dorsolateral folds, an X-shaped or V-shaped dorsal fold and presence of an interorbital dermal ridge (Rodríguez 1994); P. condor mainly differs by larger male size (SVL 32.1-39.5 mm) and finger I distinctly longer than finger II (Lynch and Duellman 1980); P. conspicillatus mainly differs by finger I being distinctly longer than finger II, fingers bearing lateral keels, and dorsal skin finely shagreen (Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. iiap mainly differs by upper eyelid bearing small granules, skin on dorsum coarsely shagreen, basal toe webbing absent, presence of a tarsal fold, and advertisement call (Padial et al 2016); P. malkini mainly differs by finger I distinctly longer than finger II and more extensive webbing between toes (Lynch 1980;Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. meridionalis mainly differs by finger I being shorter than finger II, dentigerous processes of vomers small and round, and fingers bearing lateral fringes (Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. peruvianus mainly differs by very prominent and long dorsolateral folds, finger I distinctly longer than finger II, and fingers bearing lateral fringes (Köhler 2000;; P. skydmainos mainly differs by more prominent and continuous dorsolateral folds, finger I being shorter than finger II, and a black mid-dorsal tubercle (Flores and Rodríguez 1997;Padial and De la Riva 2005).…”