A new set of 20 Multi‐InDel markers for forensic application

Abstract

Insertion/deletion markers (InDels) become an important marker for forensic medicine because of their compatible typing techniques with STRs and lower mutation rates. Recent years, a new kind of DNA marker named Multi-InDel was reported as characterized by two or more tightly linked InDel loci within a short length of physical position, usually 200-300 nucleotides. Many pieces of research showed that Multi-InDels had excellent application values in ancestry inference and forensic medicine. Since the identical number of insertion/deletion nucleotides of the InDel markers that composing the Multi-InDel marker, the genotypes of most reported Multi-InDels could not be directly typed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) due to the lack of length discrepancy among the composing InDel sequence. In this study, we applied a typing system of 20 Multi-InDels including 41 InDels, whose genotypes could be deduced by CE and assessed their potential applications in forensic medicine. A total of 200 unrelated Chinese Han individuals and five mother-child-father trios with proven paternity with one STR locus transmission incompatibilities from Shanxi province were genotyped by the multiplex system. The results showed that a total of 70 specific alleles were observed, more than three alleles were observed in 19 loci and seven alleles were observed in one locus. The combined probability of exclusion and the combined power of discrimination were 0.992 and 0.99999999993, respectively. This study demonstrates their potential usefulness for individual identification and paternity tests. The development of Multi-InDels provided another genetic tool inherent in higher polymorphic and lower mutation rates.

Development of a 39 MM‐InDel multiplex assay for the forensic application

“…In previous studies, MM-InDels were employed separately to construct multiplex assays [8,9,[17][18][19][20]. However, the distribution patterns of MM-InDel revealed their similar-ity in the human genome.…”

“…Additionally, as shown in Figure S2, the efficacies of MM-InDels in MMIDplex assay were compared with CODIS-STR, diallelic InDels, multi-allelic InDels and multi-InDels in other developed panel including Power-Plex 21 system [21], DIPplex kit [11], an 18 multi-InDel panel [20], a 20 multi-InDel panel [17], a 17 multi-allelic InDel panel [19], and FA-HID32plex [9]. Comparatively, MM-InDels demonstrated higher PD and PE than diallelic InDels in DIPplex kit, implying an improving efficiency in forensic application.…”

Development and validation of a new multiplex panel using SNaPshot‐based DIP‐TriSNP markers for forensic DNA mixtures

“…However, DIPs and SNPs exhibit lower polymorphisms than STRs. Thus, to attain the capability as STRs, linked loci or more loci, such as DIP-STRs, DIP-SNPs, multi-InDels, and SNP-STRs [7][8][9][10][11], are essential. Although DIP-SNP has been proven to be applicable to unbalanced mixtures, its poor polymorphism makes it difficult to be widely adopted in unbalanced mixtures.…”

Joint application of A-InDels and miniSTRs for forensic personal, full and half sibling identifications, and genetic differentiation analyses in two populations from China

“…Insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphisms combine the genetic characteristics of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) such as short amplified fragments and low mutation rates, with the technical advantages of short tandem repeats (STRs) which can be detected by fluorescent-labeled STR primers, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) technique. Therefore, InDel is a kind of relatively ideal genetic marker for forensic practices, including individual identification, paternity testing and biogeographic origin inference [ 1 – 3 ]. At present, researchers have established many InDel panels for different research purposes, which have good values for forensic applications [ 4 – 9 ], but some of the detection systems also exist several limitations.…”