A new species of Cephalorhyncha Adrianov, 1999 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Aegean Coast of Turkey

Yildiz, N. Özlem; Sørensen, Martin V.; Karaytuğ, Süphan

doi:10.1186/s10152-016-0476-5

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For the smaller echinoderid genera this resulted in positive confirmation of the presence of female papillae in following species: Polacanthoderes martinezi Sørensen, 2008, segments 6 to 7, and in Cephalorhyncha polunga Sánchez et al, 2019, segment 7. Absence of female papillae could be positively confirmed for Cephalorhyncha teresae all species of Meristoderes Herranz et al, 2012. Presence of female papillae is likewise uncertain for the two small and laterally compressed species Cephalorhyncha liticola and C. flosculosa Yildiz et al, 2016. For the species-rich genus Echinoderes the presence of female papillae are confirmed for all species included in the presence study (Table 20). From more recent studies we also have positive confirmation of female papillae from all species of the Echinoderes spinifurca group (see Landers & Sørensen 2018;Sørensen et al 2018;Varney et al 2019), from E. multiporus Yamasaki et al, 2018 (segment 8) and in E. schwieringae Yamasaki et al, 2019 (segments 7-8) (see Yamasaki et al, 2018a.…”

Section: Female Papillaementioning

confidence: 92%

Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group – the Echinoderes dujardinii group

Sørensen

Goetz

Herranz

et al. 2020

EJT

1,546

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Thirteen species of Echinoderes with nearly identical spine/tube patterns, and apparently similar tergal extensions were re-examined and compared. Based on this, redescriptions and/or emended species diagnoses are provided for Echinoderes aureus, E. dujardinii, E. gerardi, E. imperforatus, E. pacificus, E. pilosus, E. sensibilis, E. sublicarum and E. worthingi, and new details about cuticular structures are added for E. kozloffi and E. gizoensis. The new information derived from the redescriptions, and the subsequent comparative studies revealed that: 1) the holotype of Echinoderes lanceolatus is identical with the types of Echinoderes aureus, and E. lanceolatus is thus a junior synonym of E. aureus; other potentially synonymous species that should be addressed further in the future include: E. dujardinii + E. gerardi; E. imperforatus + E. sensibilis, and E. pacificus + E. sublicarum; 2) the paratypes of E. lanceolatus represented a different yet undescribed species, here described as E. songae Sørensen & Chang sp. nov.; 3) a comparison with literature information about E. ehlersi showed that the species is so insufficiently described that a redescription of topotype material is required before the species should be considered for taxonomic comparison; 4) specimens from the Andaman Islands, India, that previously have been reported as Echinoderes cf. ehlersi represent two different undescribed species, of which one is described as E. chandrasekharai Sørensen & Chatterjee sp. nov. and the other is left undescribed due to the limited material available; 5) out of a total of fifteen addressed species, it is proposed that eleven represent a putatively monophyletic group that is named the Echinoderes dujardinii group. The group includes following species: E. dujardinii, E. ehlersi, E. gerardi, E. imperforatus, E. kozloffi, E. sensibilis, E. pacificus, E. sublicarum, E. songae Sørensen & Chang sp. nov., E. chandrasekharai Sørensen & Chatterjee sp. nov., and Echinoderes sp. from the Andaman Islands, and is supported by a similar spine/tube pattern (except for variation regarding the presence of lateral accessory tubes on segment 8); generally short middorsal spines, especially on segments 4 to 6; glandular cell outlets type 1 always present in middorsal positions on segments 1 to 3, and in subdorsal positions on segments 4 to 9; glandular cell outlets type 2 always present in laterodorsal or midlateral positions on segment 8, and sometimes in same positions on segment 9 but never at any other segments or positions; female papillae always present on sternal plates of segments 7 and 8, and occasionally also on segment 6; tergal extensions well-spaced, triangular, gradually tapered cones, and pectinate fringes of sternal extensions are differentiated into seta-like tufts. The comparisons furthermore showed potential taxonomic significance of two echinoderid character traits that previously have been slightly neglected as diagnostic traits, namely the presence and appearance of female papillae, and the dorsal pattern of glandular cell outlets type 1. Female papillae may occur on the sternal plates of segments 6 to 8, but the positions may differ from ventrolateral to ventromedial, and the morphology of the intracuticular substructure also differ at species level. Information about position and morphology of female papillae proved helpful for species recognition, but it might also provide information of phylogenetic importance. Analyses of glandular cell outlet type 1 patterns on the dorsal sides of segments 1 to 9 in species of Echinoderidae, revealed several apparently unique or rare patterns, but also three distinct patterns that applied to larger groups of species. One pattern is the one present in all species of the E. dujardinii group, whereas the other two common patterns included 1) middorsal outlets on segments 1 to 3, and paradorsal outlets on segments 4 to 9 (found in 27 species), and 2) middorsal outlets on segments 1 to 3, 5 and 7, and paradorsal outlets on segments 4, 6 and 8 to 9 (found in 27 species)

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Section: Female Papillaementioning

confidence: 92%

Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group – the Echinoderes dujardinii group

Sørensen

Goetz

Herranz

et al. 2020

EJT

1,546

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“…The current phylogenetic positions of wormlike kinorhynchs, nested in distantly related clades of the tree (see Sørensen et al 2015), suggest that their characteristic vermiform appearance evolved convergently, most likely driven by an ecological shift in niches from muddy sediments to sandy interstitial environments. However, it is important to stress that not all interstitial kinorhynchs show elongated trunks and thin cuticle, which is the case for several species of interstitial Echinoderes and Cephalorhyncha (see Higgins 1986;Sørensen 2008;Sánchez et al 2012;Yildiz et al 2016).…”

Section: Are Aberrant Kinorhynchs Adapted To the Interstitial Environment?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Myoanatomy of three aberrant kinorhynch species: similar but different?

et al. 2021

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Aberrant kinorhynchs show several modifications deviating from the typical kinorhynch body plan, including a modified introvert with very elongated and flexible scalids, a weakly developed neck, and a slender trunk with less distinct segmentation. How these aberrant external features are reflected in the inner anatomy and how their aberrant body plan evolved is not understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive and comparative myoanatomical study of three putatively, distant related worm-like species: Cateria styx, Franciscideres kalenesos and Zelinkaderes yong. Despite the weak external segmentation of the trunk, the studied species show a distinct segmental arrangement of the musculature. However, this arrangement is shifted posteriorly with respect to the external segmentation, because the extremely thin and flexible cuticle is lacking the apodeme-like cuticular thickenings (pachycycli) where the longitudinal muscles usually attach. The muscular arrangement in the three species is overall similar, yet, C. styx show most resemblance to the allomalorhagid F. kalenesos, whereas the cyclorhagid Z. yong differs in several ways. This suggests a closer relationship of C. styx to Allomalorhagida. Whereas most kinorhynchs prefer muddy sediments, both the allomalorhagid and cyclorhagid worm-like kinorhynchs are mainly found in sandy environments, suggesting that a flexible, slender body evolved at least twice independently as an adaptation to the interstitial environment.

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“…One might speculate if the cuticular ornamentation in C. styx is a habitat adaptation, rather than a trait of phylogenetic significance, but it also differs considerably from other beach-and sand dwelling kinorhynch species. Beach inhabiting kinorhynchs include Cephalorhyncha flosculosa Yildiz et al, 2016, Cephalorhyncha liticola Sørensen, 2008, C. nybakkeni (Higgins, 1986, but these species show a rather typical echinoderid cuticle ornamentation with bracteate cuticular hairs (Higgins 1986;Sørensen 2008;Yildiz et al 2016). Neuhaus & Kegel (2015) Our observations confirm to a great extent the LM observations on C. styx provided by Neuhaus & Kegel (2015).…”

Section: Cuticular Trunk Ornamentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The enigmatic kinorhynch Cateria styx Gerlach, 1956 – A sticky son of a beach

Herranz

Domênico

Sørensen

et al. 2019

Zoologischer Anzeiger

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Since its discovery in the mid-1950'ies, Cateria has been an enigmatic kinorhynch genus due to its aberrant worm-like shape and extremely thin cuticle. However, the rare occurrence of the species, only found in sandy intertidal habitats, and the poor preservation of the type material have hampered detailed studies of the genus over time. Now, sixty years after the original description of Cateria styx, we present an extensive morphological and functional study based on new material collected from its type locality in Maca e, Brazil. We combine live observations with detailed scanning electron microscopy data, new light microscopy material, confocal laser scanning microscopy and three-dimensional rendering. These observations show that C. styx displays a complex array of cuticular structures (spines, spinoscalids and extraordinarily complex cuticular ornamentation) that we interpret to be adaptations for mechanical adhesion, through friction and interlocking, in an interstitial habitat; the enigmatic dorsal organ, is a hydrostatic structure which function is inferred to be adhesive. Additional morphological traits in C. styx include: extremely elongated primary spinoscalids that cannot be completely retracted in the trunk; a reduced number of spinoscalids; sixteen elongated hairy patches in the introvert; fifteen trichoscalids that vary in length; the absence of a neck; dorsal spines being alternatingly displaced to either left or right side paradorsal positions; and high intraspecific variation in the number and position of glandular openings in the trunk.

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A new species of Cephalorhyncha Adrianov, 1999 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Aegean Coast of Turkey

Cited by 17 publications

References 24 publications

Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group – the Echinoderes dujardinii group

Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group – the Echinoderes dujardinii group

Myoanatomy of three aberrant kinorhynch species: similar but different?

The enigmatic kinorhynch Cateria styx Gerlach, 1956 – A sticky son of a beach

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