A new species of muntjac, <i>Muntiacus putaoensis</i> (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) from northern Myanmar

Amato, George; Egan, Mary G.; Rabinowitz, Alan

doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00042.x

Cited by 53 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Systematists favor treating nucleotides as any other character [33], [34]. While a character-based paradigm has been in operation since the beginning of DNA-based identification [23], [35], barcoding as commonly practiced ( sensu Hebert et al [36]) remains distance-based. In a sense this is phenetics [37] reincarnate, though barcoding is not atheoretical [38] but rather designates identifications based either on similarity thresholds [39] or on phenetic clustering [36] using neighbor-joining methods [40] under the premise that there will be well-defined gaps between intraspecific and interspecific distances [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Real maccoyii: Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes – Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances

2009

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BackgroundThe use of DNA barcodes for the identification of described species is one of the least controversial and most promising applications of barcoding. There is no consensus, however, as to what constitutes an appropriate identification standard and most barcoding efforts simply attempt to pair a query sequence with reference sequences and deem identification successful if it falls within the bounds of some pre-established cutoffs using genetic distance. Since the Renaissance, however, most biological classification schemes have relied on the use of diagnostic characters to identify and place species.Methodology/Principal FindingsHere we developed a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I character-based key for the identification of all tuna species of the genus Thunnus, and compared its performance with distance-based measures for identification of 68 samples of tuna sushi purchased from 31 restaurants in Manhattan (New York City) and Denver, Colorado. Both the character-based key and GenBank BLAST successfully identified 100% of the tuna samples, while the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) as well as genetic distance thresholds, and neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree building performed poorly in terms of species identification. A piece of tuna sushi has the potential to be an endangered species, a fraud, or a health hazard. All three of these cases were uncovered in this study. Nineteen restaurant establishments were unable to clarify or misrepresented what species they sold. Five out of nine samples sold as a variant of “white tuna” were not albacore (T. alalunga), but escolar (Lepidocybium flavorunneum), a gempylid species banned for sale in Italy and Japan due to health concerns. Nineteen samples were northern bluefin tuna (T. thynnus) or the critically endangered southern bluefin tuna (T. maccoyii), though nine restaurants that sold these species did not state these species on their menus.Conclusions/SignificanceThe Convention on International Trade Endangered Species (CITES) requires that listed species must be identifiable in trade. This research fulfills this requirement for tuna, and supports the nomination of northern bluefin tuna for CITES listing in 2010.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Real maccoyii: Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes – Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances

2009

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“…(5,6) A character-based approach can be easily applied to DNA barcoding. (3,(7)(8)(9) Taxonomy is species discovery, DNA barcoding is species identification and DNA taxonomy is something completely different The second major problem that needs further appraisal and clarification in the context of Waugh's (1) review, is the issue of how DNA barcodes can be used in modern biological endeavors such as community ecology, biodiversity studies, evolutionary biology, conservation biology and behavioral ecology. Several examples are listed by the author, but there is a general blurring of two major and very different objectives that have been attributed to DNA barcoding.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phenetic and DNA taxonomy; a comment on Waugh

DeSalle¹

2007

BioEssays

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“…First, and most pragmatically, COI sequences could usefully augment morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses already underway on LCR fishes. Secondly, the use of COI sequence diagnostics in concert with morphological characters in species descriptions (Amato et al 1999;Victor 2007) is recognized as an increasingly useful synergy. Incorporating gene sequences from type specimens (or retrospectively from topotypical material) optimizes the accuracy of future barcode identifications-which is particularly important when faunas are poorly understood taxonomically and geographical distributions undefined-while allowing for these data to be used as any other discrete character (DeSalle 2006) for unambiguously diagnosing species (DeSalle et al 2005;Lowenstein et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating DNA barcodes into a multi-year inventory of the fishes of the hyperdiverse Lower Congo River, with a multi-gene performance assessment of the genusLabeoas a case study

Lowenstein¹,

Osmundson

Becker

et al. 2011

Mitochondrial DNA

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Background and aims: Here we describe preliminary efforts to integrate DNA barcoding into an ongoing inventory of the Lower Congo River (LCR) ichthyofauna. The 350 km stretch of the LCR from Pool Malebo to Boma includes the world's largest river rapids. The LCR ichthyofauna is hyperdiverse and rich in endemism due to high habitat heterogeneity, numerous dispersal barriers, and its downstream location in the basin. Materials and methods: We have documented 328 species from the LCR, 25% of which are thought to be endemic. In addition to detailing progress made to generate a reference sequence library of DNA barcodes for these fishes, we ask how DNA can be used at the current stage of the Fish Barcode of Life initiative, as a work in progress currently of limited utility to a wide audience. Two possibilities that we explore are the potential for DNA barcodes to generate discrete diagnostic characters for species, and to help resolve problematic taxa lacking clear morphologically diagnostic characters such as many species of the cyprinid genus Labeo, which we use as a case study. Results: Our molecular analysis helped to clarify the validity of some species that were the subject of historical debate, and we were able to construct a molecular key for all monophyletic and morphologically recognizable species. Several species sampled from across the Congo Basin and widely distributed throughout Central and West Africa were recovered as paraphyletic based on our molecular data. Conclusion: Our study underscores the importance of generating reference barcodes for specimens collected from, or in close proximity to, type localities, particularly where species are poorly understood taxonomically and the extent of their geographical distributions have yet to be established.

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A new species of muntjac, Muntiacus putaoensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) from northern Myanmar

Cited by 53 publications

References 28 publications

The Real maccoyii: Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes – Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances

The Real maccoyii: Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes – Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances

Phenetic and DNA taxonomy; a comment on Waugh

Incorporating DNA barcodes into a multi-year inventory of the fishes of the hyperdiverse Lower Congo River, with a multi-gene performance assessment of the genusLabeoas a case study

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