Abstract. Species of Rhamnocercinae Monaco, Wood et Mizelle, 1954 are gill parasites of sciaenid fishes (Perciformes). Seven are marine species (three in the western Atlantic and four in oriental Pacific) and one is a neotropical freshwater species (Rio Doce Basin, Brazil). While the status of the subfamily may be questioned, this assemblage of species is apparently supported by several shared apomorphic and plesiomorphic characters, such as: (1) peduncular spines with anterior and posterior roots; (2) haptor laterally expanded, armed with anchors (two pairs); bars (one ventral, two dorsal); 14 hooks and haptoral accessory spines; and (3) Monaco et al. (1954) proposed the Rhamnocercinae to accommodate diplectanid species with the following characteristics: (1) absence of squamodiscs and (2) presence of parenchymatic spines in the haptor and peduncle. Hargis (1955) rejected the Rhamnocercinae based on the proposed homology of the dorsal and ventral "plates" (parenchymatic spines, sensu Monaco et al. 1954) of rhamnocercines and the squamodiscs of other diplectanids. Seamster and Monaco (1956) rejected the proposal of Hargis (1955) and continued to recognise the Rhamnocercinae as valid. Oliver (1987) proposed elevation of the Rhamnocercinae to the family level within the Heterotesioidea based on the confluent condition of the gut. Chaves et al. (1999) rejected this change in category but considered that species of this taxon possess confluent intestinal caeca as suggested by Hargis (1955), Luque andIannacone (1991) andOliver (1987). Chaves et al. (1999) recommended that a possible change in category would only be justifiable if based on a phylogenetic analysis of the Diplectanidae. Desdevises et al. (2001) accepted Oliver's decision (1987 and proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis for genera of Diplectanidae. Obviously, species of Rhamnocercoides and Rhamnocercus were not considered in their phylogenetic analysis.While the taxonomic status of this group of species remains uncertain, its eight species depict a unique character that may represent a synapomorphy, supporting its natural condition. Its species are gill parasites of sciaenids (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) and share the presence of peduncular spines with deep and superficial roots. Thus, in this paper, the species included in Rhamnocercinae are revised based on a phylogenetic hypothesis.