A new species of the Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Alps of southeastern Germany

Chromosomal characteristics and evolutionary relationships of the Palearctic black fly Simulium carthusiense (Diptera: Simuliidae)

“…Infrequent rearrangements -those in 3% or less of all homologues (Table 2) -were mapped, with their precise breakpoints and locations indicated by brackets and arrows (Figs 1-3). Numbering of novel, fixed inversions follows the sequence of Hunter (1987) and Seitz & Adler (2009); unique polymorphisms are identified with a somally typical, Adler et al, 1999), the latter species representing the first record for Spain and a southward range extension of about 1500 km. Site 4 was an aggregate of hypocrenal spring brooks in the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of the Andalusian site where Grenier & Dorier (1959) found S. carthusiense.…”

“…IL-2 and IIIL-19 are shared with many members of the S. vernum group in the Holarctic Region, whereas IIIP-1, IIIL-1, and IIIL-2 (Fig. 3) are shared with a restricted group of European species, including S. armoricanum Doby & David, 1961, S. bavaricum Seitz & Adler, 2009, S. beltukovae (Rubtsov, 1956) -chromosomally studied as S. carpathicum (Knoz, 1961) -the S. cryophilum complex, and S. urbanum Davies, 1966 -chromosomally studied as "B1" - (Hunter, 1987;Seitz & Adler, 2009). Of these five inversions, only IIIP-1 could be determined by outgroup comparison as derived from the ancestral sequence; the remaining four inversions were in areas of the complement too scrambled for reliable comparison with outgroup sequences.…”

“…None of the rearrangements in S. carthusiense were linked to the X or Y chromosomes; the sex chromosomes, therefore, were microscopically undifferentiated (X 0 Y 0 ). About three-quarters of the 26 studied Palearctic species in the S. vernum group have undifferentiated sex chromosomes (Bass & Brockhouse, 1990;Ilmonen et al, 2009;Seitz & Adler, 2009).…”

A new species, Simulium (Nevermannia) berchtesgadense (Diptera: Simuliidae), and its chromosomes, from the Alps of southeastern Germany

“…Given the group's wide distribution, comprising the Holarctic and parts of the Oriental regions, it is not unexpected that at times a new species is found, especially in unexplored watercourses. One of these places where rare or new simuliid species are found in Central Europe is the UNESCO biosphere reserve Berchtesgaden in the northern limestone Alps of southeastern Germany (Seitz & Forster 2004, Seitz & Adler 2009). Thus, we describe a new Nevermannia species and provide information on the associated simuliid species.…”