Life history and behavioral characteristics are described for a rare brackish-water crab, Ilyograpsus nodulosus (Sakai, 1983) (Family Macrophthalmidae), in Tanabe Bay, Wakayama, central Japan. Ovigerous females appeared from April through September, with the proportion of mature-sized females highest in June-July. Recruitment of juveniles occurred in July-September. Maturity was reached at several months of age, and longevity was estimated to be ≥ 1.5 years. The maximum carapace width of the females was 1.7-fold larger than that of males, indicating a female-biased size dimorphism. The sex ratio was not biased toward either males or females. Thus, this species is characterized by earlier maturation, shorter longevity, and female-biased size dimorphism, compared with other ocypodoids allied to the genus Ilyograpsus, such as species belonging to Macrophthalmidae and Camptandriidae. Egg size and number were not much different from those of other macrophthalmid species. Deposit and suspension feeding were observed. We did not observe crabs constructing burrows, as they hide in bottom mud. Males approached females without any courtship behavior prior to copulation. The copulative posture was female-uppermost. Five fighting behavioral elements were recognized during male-tomale fights, whereas only one fighting behavioral element was observed during female-to-female fights.