A New Strategy Based on LC-Q TRAP-MS for Determining the Distribution of Polyphenols in Different Apple Varieties

Abstract

Apples are a rich source of polyphenols in the human diet. However, the distribution of polyphenols in different apple varieties and tissues is still largely unclear. In this study, a new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) strategy was developed to reveal the spatial distribution of polyphenols in different apple tissues and varieties. A method based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-enhanced product ion (EPI) was established in the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode for pseudo-target screening of major apple polyphenols. A total of 39 apple polyphenolic metabolites were finally identified. Qualitative and quantitative results showed that the variety and content of polyphenols in apple peels were higher than those of other tissues. In apple roots, stems, and leaves, the highest polyphenol variety and content were found in wild species, followed by cultivars and elite varieties. Dihydrochalcone substances, one kind of major apple polyphenols, were more abundant in apple roots, stems, and leaves. This strategy can be applied as a model for other agricultural products, in addition to revealing the distribution of polyphenols in different tissues of apples, which provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of polyphenol resources and variety selection.

Distribution and Stability of Polyphenols in Juices Made from Traditional Apple Cultivars Grown in Bosnia and Herzegovina

“…Flavonol glycosides (quercetin 3-O-glucoside, galactoside, rhamnoside and rutinoside) were mainly present in peel, while in pulp their content was low or even under the treshold of detection (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside). As Wang et al [52] reported, rutin is mainly present in the apple peel. Quercetin 3-O-galactoside and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside were leading compounds among flavonol glycosides.…”

Investigation the spatial distribution of polyphenols and metabolomic profiling of apple

“…Chromatographic data acquired from the LC-Q-TOF-MS (Waters Xevo ® G2) were imported to Waters UNIFI ® for metabolites identification and binary comparison. The analysis was based on the natural products database, which was established by collecting the polyphenols and related metabolites information from the recently published literatures [10,14,20,21]. The analysis was conducted by matching the imported data file and the data processing method, in which blank, standard, QC, and experimental tests were labeled and set for three replicates.…”

“…So far, several researchers have investigated the differentiation and classification of apple fruit according to the variety and/or geographical origin by using different chemometric techniques [2]. Focusing on untargeted metabolic profiles related to polyphenols, liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), 1 H NMR has been applied to discriminate their difference on dried apple [8], edible part of mongo [13], sweet potato [9], coffee leaves [10] and tea [14]. Moreover, LC-Q-TOF-MS has been demonstrated to be an advanced platform for the quantification and identification of characteristic components.…”

Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS

“…In particular, phenolic compounds in apples participate in fermentation, contribute to the aroma of the fermentation juice, prevent microbial spoilage, and control the fermentation rate [ 11 , 12 ]. It has been reported that the concentration of polyphenols varies significantly among different apple varieties, with total phenolic content ranging from 107 mg/kg FW to 941 mg/kg FW [ 13 , 14 ].…”