A New Test of Irony and Indirect Requests Comprehension—The IRRI Test: Validation and Normative Data in French-Speaking Adults

Abstract

Objective Nonliteral language comprehension disorders in individuals with acquired brain injuries (ABI) are frequently reported in the literature but rarely assessed in clinical settings. A major reason is the lack of tools available to clinicians. Therefore, the present study aimed to further promote the pragmatic assessment routine by creating a new nonliteral language comprehension tool for ABI individuals: the IRRI test. This tool is intended to be standardized and capable of directing clinicians to cognitive deficits underlying a poor understanding of nonliteral language—context processing, executive functions, and theory of mind. Method Three studies were conducted. The first study aimed at constructing the two IRRI test tasks: the irony and indirect requests comprehension tasks. These tasks integrate the cognitive processes within them. The second study aimed at analyzing the tasks’ psychometric qualities in a sample of 33 ABI participants and 33 healthy participants (HC). Preliminary normative data obtained from 102 healthy French-speaking subjects were collected in the third study. Results Significant differences in the IRRI test’s performances were observed between the ABI and HC individuals. The indirect requests task demonstrated robust convergent validity and good sensibility to discriminate altered participants among ABI participants. Both IRRI test’s tasks also showed excellent test–retest and inter-rater reliability. The preliminary norms were stratified according to the conditions of interest in relation to the cognitive mechanisms underlying the understanding of nonliteral language. Conclusions The IRRI test is a promising new standardized test of nonliteral language comprehension, which contributes to identifying cognitive-pragmatic profiles to guide therapy.

Exploring Cognitive-Pragmatic Heterogeneity Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Cluster Analysis of Hint Comprehension

“…The present study aimed to identify hint comprehension profiles in ABI individuals in relation to the cognitive mechanisms and processes likely to underlie this understanding (i.e., context processing, ToM, and EF). To this end, we used the hint comprehension task developed by Cordonier et al (2021), which manipulates these mechanisms. The executive demand in literal and hint stories was thus modulated by adding (high EF demand) or not (low EF demand) a distractor paragraph that introduced information irrelevant to the interpretation of the target utterance.…”

“…A hint comprehension task, including 18 written scenarios described in Cordonier et al (2021), was used. Each scenario featured two characters of different gender and ended with either a literal statement or a hint from one of the characters.…”

“…All stories were controlled for length and structure and were subjected to pilot studies described in Cordonier et al (2021). Due to the many stimuli (18 stories x 6 conditions), the stories were divided into three equivalent versions of the test according to a Latin square plan.…”

“…Thus, following the paradigm developed in Cordonier, Champagne-Lavau, & Fossard (2021), we used a task of hint comprehension, which manipulates within it the context (inducing a literal or hint meaning), the markers of hints (absence versus presence of a social power), cueing a hint interpretation, and executive demand of the stories (absence versus presence of a distractor paragraph). Thanks to this paradigm and cluster analysis, we aimed to identify hint comprehension profiles in relation to the cognitive mechanisms and processes which likely underlie this understanding.…”