A new toposcopic display system

Walter, W. Grey; Shipton, Harold W.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(51)90074-0

Cited by 94 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Using the 1959 M.LT. activity as a benchmark for the start of this second-generation effort should in no way ignore the importance of prerequisite efforts by Dawson (1954), Walter and Shipton (1951), and others (Cobb, 1959). The work of these investigators is frequently overlooked since they used analog equipment and were not resident in the United States.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer analysis of the electroencephalogram: Evoking, promoting, and provoking

Tepas

1974

Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation

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confidence: 99%

Computer analysis of the electroencephalogram: Evoking, promoting, and provoking

Tepas

1974

Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation

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“…To capture the play of frequencies across the length and breadth of the cortex, in 1951 Grey Walter, in collaboration with Harold Shipton, produced a cerebral ''toposcope'' and installed it in a special laboratory at the Burden Institute. 38 The intention was to: draw a snapshot map, rather than a long history, projecting the electrical data visually on a spatial co-ordinate system that can be laid out so as to represent a simple map or model of the head.…”

Section: Further Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

W. Grey Walter, pioneer in the electroencephalogram, robotics, cybernetics, artificial intelligence

Bladin

2006

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience

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“…was a world leader in EEG research. He discovered theta and delta brain waves and, with Shipton, developed the first EEG brain topography machine (Walter and Shipton 1951). At the time of the Ratio Club he was at the Burden Neurological Institute, Bristol, where, alongside his EEG research, he developed the first ever autonomous mobile robots, referred to as tortoises, which were controlled by analogue electronic nervous systems (Walter 1950a).…”

Section: The Membersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics

Husbands¹,

Holland²,

Wheeler³

2008

The Mechanical Mind in History

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Horace Barlow FRS (1921-), a great-grandson of Charles Darwin, is an enormously influential neuroscientist, particularly in the field of vision, and was one of the pioneers of using information theoretic ideas to understand neural mechanisms (Barlow 1953, 1959, 1961), a direct consequence of his involvement in the Ratio Club. When the club started he was a PhD student in Lord Adrian's lab at the department of physiology, Cambridge University. He later became Royal Society Research Professor of Physiology at Cambridge University. John Bates (1918-1993) had a distinguished career in the neurological research unit at The National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, London. He studied human EEG in research into voluntary movement and became the chief electroencephalographer at the hospital. The Club was his idea and he ran it with quiet efficiency and unstinting enthusiasm. George Dawson (1911-1983) was a clinical neurologist at the National Hospital, Queen's square. At the time of the Ratio Club he was a world leader in using EEG recordings in a clinical setting. He was a specialist in ways of averaging over many readings which allowed him to gather much cleaner signals than was possible by more conventional methods (Dawson 1954). He became Professor of Physiology at UCL. Thomas Gold FRS (1920-2004) was one of the great astrophysicists of the 20 th century, being a co-author, with Bondi and Hoyle, of the steady state theory of the universe and having given the first explanation of pulsars, among countless other contributions. However, he had no time for disciplinary boundaries and at the time of the Ratio Club he was working in Cambridge University Zoology Department on a radical positive feedback theory of the working of the inner ear (Gold 1948)a theory that was, typically for him, decades ahead of its time. He went on to become Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University and then at Cornell University. I.J. (Jack) Good (1916-2009) was recruited into the UK top secret code cracking operation at Bletchley Park during the second world war, where he worked as the main statistician under Alan Turing and Max Newman. Later he became a very prominent mathematician, making important contributions in Bayesian methods and early AI. During the Ratio years he worked for British Intelligence. Subsequently he became Professor of Statistics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute. W.E. Hick (1912-1974) was a pioneer of information theoretic thinking in psychology. He is the source of the still widely quoted Hick's law which states that the time taken to make a decision is proportion to the log of the number of alternatives (Hick 1952). During the Ratio years he worked in the Psychology laboratory at Cambridge University. He went on to become a distinguished psychologist. Victor Little (1920-1976) was a physicist at Bedford College, London, who worked in acoustics and optics before moving on to laser development. Donald Mackay (1922-1987), trained as a physicist, was a very highly regarded pioneer of early machine intelligence and of neuro...

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A new toposcopic display system

Cited by 94 publications

References 6 publications

Computer analysis of the electroencephalogram: Evoking, promoting, and provoking

Computer analysis of the electroencephalogram: Evoking, promoting, and provoking

W. Grey Walter, pioneer in the electroencephalogram, robotics, cybernetics, artificial intelligence

The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics

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