!Lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and the protease prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) have been proposed as targets for the treatment of cognitive disturbances such as dementia. In this study, nine triterpenoids isolated from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis, including arjunic acid (1), rosamultic acid (2), haptadienic acid (3), 1β-hydroxyeuscaphic acid (4), euscaphic acid (5), tormentic acid (6), pomolic acid (7), ursolic acid (8), and oleanolic acid (9), were tested in vitro for their inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide in N9 microglia cells and on prolyl oligopeptidase. Among them, 7 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (IC 50 , 21.9 µM), while 8 and 9 exhibited a significant prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory activity (IC 50 18.1 and 24.0 µM, respectively). The results could provide a clue that these triterpenoids are responsible for the reported neuro-protective effect of S. officinalis.
Key wordsSanguisorba officinalis · Rosaceae · triterpenoids · lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide · prolyl oligopeptidaseThe dried roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae) are used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of disorders such as bleeding, burns, ulcerative colitis, and chronic intestinal infections, due to their hemostatic, anti-infective, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Previous chemical investigations of S. officinalis revealed the existence of triterpenes, triterpenoids, saponins and polyphenols [3][4][5][6]. Moreover, S. officinalis and its active component (catechin) have been reported to possess potential neuroprotective effects and antioxidant activities [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Our interest in the constituents possibly responsible for these beneficial properties inspired us to undertake a further biological investigation of S. officinalis. Nitric oxide (NO) released by N9 microglia (stimulated by lipopolysaccharide; LPS) is known as a neurotoxic factor and has a great influence on the cell viability of microglia. Microglia, the resident macrophage-like cells in the brain, have been proposed to play a pivotal role in the immune surveillance of the central nervous system [9]. Furthermore, lines of evidence showed that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to the pathology of both acute pathologies such as stroke or traumatic brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative diseases [10][11][12]. The protease prolyl oligopeptidase (POP; EC 3.4.21.26) has been proposed to play an important role in the neuropeptide metabolism and to be a target for the treatment of cognitive disturbances such as dementia [13][14][15]. It has been postulated that specific POP inhibitors could protect nerve cells, prevent memory loss, and enhance cognition [16][17][18]. Therefore, POP inhibitors have been developed as candidate drugs for the treatment of various clinical conditions of the brain [19]. Some natural POP inhibitors, especially triterpenoids from medical pl...