A New Type of Strain of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper in Grenada

Abstract

Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper (BSTP) can be caused by several Xanthomonas genospecies (2). BSTP is a major disease in Grenada where A and B phenotypic groups (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria, respectively, [2]) have been reported (3). There is no previous report of group A strains, which are strongly amylolytic and pectolytic, in Grenada. In March 2007, tomato and pepper leaves with lesions typical of BSTP were collected in Saint David and Saint Andrew parishes of Grenada. Bacterial isolations were performed on KC semiselective agar medium (4), resulting in isolation of five yellow-pigmented, Xanthomonas-like strains. Three strains isolated from tomato or pepper in Saint David were negative for starch hydrolysis and pectate degradation, two tests that were found useful for strain identification in the 1990s (2). Two strains isolated from pepper in Saint David were strongly amylolytic and degraded pectate. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) assays targeting atpD, dnaK, efp, and gyrB were performed on the five strains from Grenada together with a type strain of each of X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans, X. gardneri, and X. vesicatoria as well as other reference strains of X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans as described previously (1). All strains from Grenada were identified as X. euvesicatoria regardless of the typing technique. On the basis of AFLP assays, the two strains with phenotypic features not reported in Grenada were closely related (distances of ≤0.002 nucleotide substitutions per site [1]) to a group of strains from India (ICMP 3381, LMG 907, LMG 908, and LMG 918). These two strains were also identical to the Indian strains based on MLSA, but differed from the X. euvesicatoria type strain by at least one nucleotide substitution in all loci examined. The three strains from Grenada that were negative for starch hydrolysis and pectate degradation had sequences identical to that of the type strain. Young leaves of tomato plants of cv. Marmande and pepper plants of cvs. Yolo Wonder and Aiguille were infiltrated (six inoculation sites per leaf, three replicate plants per cultivar per experiment, and the experiment was replicated once) using inoculum of each of the five strains from Grenada made from suspensions in Tris buffer containing approximately 1 × 105 CFU/ml. Two reference strains of X. euvesicatoria (NCPPB 2968 and LMG 922) were also inoculated as positive control treatments. Negative control treatments consisted of leaves infiltrated with sterile Tris buffer. Typical water-soaked lesions that developed into necrotic spots were observed 3 to 8 days after inoculation (dai) for all strains on all cultivars, except NCPPB 2968, which was not pathogenic on pepper cv. Aiguille. Xanthomonas population sizes from lesions plated onto KC agar medium (4) 25 dai ranged from 3 × 106 to 5 × 107, 8 × 107 to 2 × 108, and 9 × 106 to 2 × 108 CFU/lesion on tomato cv. Marmande and pepper cvs. Yolo Wonder and Aiguille, respectively. The epidemiological importance of this previously unreported group of X. euvesicatoria strains in Grenada needs to be assessed. References: (1) L. Bui Thi Ngoc et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:515, 2010. (2) J. B. Jones et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27:755, 2004. (3) L. W. O'Garro. Plant Dis. 82:864, 1998. (4) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005.

Occurrence and Characterization of the Bacterial Spot Pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria on Pepper in Iran

“…Likewise, contrary to X. euvesicatoria strains isolated from pepper in Grenada (Hamza et al. ), our strains did not show any pectolytic activity. The absence of pectolytic activity of X. euvesicatoria strains isolated from pepper was previously reported also from Brazil (Areas et al.…”

“…; Hamza et al. ). This is of pivotal importance from epidemiological point of view since besides pepper, tomato represents one of the most important crops in Iran, and they coexist in the same area and period of production all over the country.…”

“…Previously, X. euvesicatoria strains isolated from pepper in Grenada (Hamza et al. ) and Brazil (Areas et al. ) were also reported to have amylolytic activity.…”

“…Unlike the type strain of X. euvesicatoria isolated from pepper in the USA ), all our strains have shown amylolytic activity. Previously, X. euvesicatoria strains isolated from pepper in Grenada (Hamza et al 2010b) and Brazil (Areas et al 2014) were also reported to have amylolytic activity. Likewise, contrary to X. euvesicatoria strains isolated from pepper in Grenada (Hamza et al 2010b), our strains did not show any pectolytic activity.…”

Simultaneous detection and identification of theXanthomonasspecies complex associated with tomato bacterial spot using species-specific primers and multiplex PCR

“…Recently, as an example, Hamza et al . () reported a new type of X . euvesicatoria strongly amylolytic, a unique characteristic of X .…”