A new ultra lightweight method for Static and dynamic resistance measurements

A review of methods for condition monitoring, surveys and statistical analyses of disconnectors and circuit breakers

“…The resistance is low, which demands special instruments. Stanisic has presented a new method to measure the resistance of electric contacts, both in disconnectors and circuit breakers [35]. Runde et al have developed an off-line diagnosis method based on the non-linearity of the resistance of degraded contacts [36].…”

Analysis of the Correlation between the Level of Contact Degradation and the Dynamic Resistance Curve in Circuit Breakers

“…The measurement of static resistance between the contacts to know the state of connections is a technique used in several decades. Static contact resistance is measured by injecting a DC current through the breaker under test while the breaker is closed and measuring the voltage drop [6][7][8]. It is recommended that for medium and high voltages the resistance test be made with a microhmmeter having at least 100 A DC output.…”

“…However, the test does not guarantee that low resistance values imply in good condition arcing contacts, since the measurement is made while the breaker is closed, and gives no indication of the condition of the arcing contacts, however, the wear from the arcing current is more focused on the arcing contacts, which are subjected to the heat and energy produced by the arcing during faulty opening operation [2][3][4]. To evaluate the condition of arcing contacts, an internal inspection may be required, making the breaker unavailable for a long time and demanding high maintenance costs [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. If the internal components of the breaker can be evaluated without the need for disassembly, it is possible to follow the evolution of component wear efficiently, making the maintenance process optimized [9].…”

Controller Product Design of Remote Fish Based on Arduino Platform

“…The corresponding code is as follows. #include <Servo.h> Servo myservo1; // create servo object to control a servo Servo myservo2; // create servo object to control a servo Servo myservo3; // create servo object to control a servo int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position int val = 0; int U=0; int P=0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); myservo1.attach (9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object myservo2.attach (8); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object myservo3.attach (10); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object myservo1.write(0); myservo1.write (90) …”

“…Arduino can use developed electronic components such as switch, sensors, other controller, LED, stepper motor or other output devices [9,10]. Arduino can also become an independent interface to software.…”