One approach to identifying policy change stresses policy instruments, settings and policy paradigms, while another also considers the process and culmination of various shifts and consequent outcomes. This article illustrates the debate through an examination of how far developments in social security policy between the 1997-2010 New Labour and 2010-15 Coalition Governments in the UK constituted real policy shifts. It shows that, despite continuities in instruments and approach, there have been substantial changes in the impact of welfare state policies related to short-term benefits, employment and housing. The article identifies new policy directions leading to a different kind of welfare state, concerned less with living standards and equality and more with individual responsibility and paid work. It suggests that this has been achieved without the need for radical changes in instruments and their settings.
KeywordsSocial security; Welfare policy; UK Coalition; Conservative Party; New Labour; Policy change
IntroductionThe UK has been characterized as the paradigmatic majoritarian democracy, allowing the party of government to exercise considerable authority over policy directions. In theory, a new government is in a strong position to redirect policy. The tendency of UK parties to offer sharply contrasting characterizations of their policy approaches in their manifestoes, and the adversarial style of British party politics, certainly supports this impression.Few areas over the 2010-15 period have been as hotly debated as the main parties' approaches to welfare policy. There is now good quality evidence of the different effects of these approaches, and clear sets of 'new' policies can be identified from 2010, rendering this a fruitful area in which