A next-generation optical sensor for IceCube-Gen2

Basu, Vedant; Ishihara, A.; Dittmer, Markus; Shimizu, Nobuhiro; Abbasi, Rasha; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, Juanan; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Alispach, Cyril Martin; Allison, P.; Alves, A. A.; Amin, Najia Moureen Binte; An, Rui; Andeen, K.; Anderson, Tyler; Anton, Gisela; Argüelles, Carlos; Arlen, T. C.; Ashida, Yosuke; Axani, Spencer; Bai, X.; V., Aswathi Balagopal; Barbano, Anastasia Maria; Bartos, I.; Barwick, S. W.; Bastian, Benjamin; Baur, S.; Bay, R.; Beatty, J. J.; Becker, K.-H.; Tjus, Julia Becker; Bellenghi, Chiara; BenZvi, S.; Berley, D.; Bernardini, E.; Besson, D. Z.; Binder, G.; Bindig, D.; Bishop, Abigail; Blaufuss, E.; Blot, Summer; Boddenberg, Matthias; Böhmer, M.; Bontempo, Federico; Borowka, Jürgen; Böser, S.; Botner, O.; Böttcher, Jakob; Bourbeau, Etienne; Bradascio, Federica; Braun, J.; Bron, S.; Brostean-Kaiser, Jannes; Browne, Sally-Ann; Burgman, A.; Burley, Ryan; Busse, Raffaela; Campana, Michael; Carnie-Bronca, Erin; Cataldo, Maddalena; Chen, Chujie; Chirkin, D.; Choi, K.; Clark, Brian; Clark, K.; Clark, Rogan; Classen, L.; Coleman, Alan; Collin, Gabriel; Connolly, A.; Conrad, J.; Coppin, Paul; Correa, Pablo; Cowen, D. F.; Cross, R.; Dappen, Christian; Dave, Pranav; Deaconu, C.; Clercq, C. De; Kockere, Simon De; DeLaunay, James; Dembinski, H.-P.; Deoskar, Kunal; Ridder, Sam De; Desai, Abhishek; Desiati, P.; Vries, Krijn de; Wasseige, Gwenhaël de; DeYoung, Tyce; Dharani, Sukeerthi; Diaz, Alejandro; Díaz–Vélez, Juan Carlos; Dujmović, Hrvoje; Dunkman, M.; DuVernois, Michael; Dvorak, Emily; Ehrhardt, Thomas; Eller, P.; Engel, R.; Erpenbeck, Hannah; Evans, John; Evenson, P. A.; Fan, Kwok Lung; Farrag, Kareem Ramadan; Fazely, A. R.; Fiedlschuster, Sebastian; Fienberg, Aaron; Filimonov, K.; Finley, C.; Fischer, Leander; Fox, D. B.; Franckowiak, A.; Friedman, E.; Fritz, A.; Fürst, Philipp; Gaisser, T. K.; Gallagher, Jay; Ganster, Erik; García, Alfonso Mercado; Garrappa, S.; Gärtner, Andreas; Gerhardt, L.; Gernhäeuser, R.; Ghadimi, Ava; Giri, Pawan; Gläser, Christian; Glauch, Theo; Glüsenkamp, T.; Goldschmidt, A.; González, Javier Martı́nez; Goswami, Sreetama; Grant, D.; Grégoire, T.; Griswold, Spencer; Gündüz, Mehmet; Günther, Christoph; Haack, Christian; Hallgren, A.; Halliday, R.; Hallmann, S.; Halve, L.; Halzen, F.; Minh, Martin Ha; Hanson, K.; Hardin, John; Harnisch, Alexander; Haugen, J.; Haungs, A.; Hauser, Simon; Hebecker, D.; Heinen, D.; Helbing, K.; Hendricks, B.; Henningsen, Felix; Hettinger, Emma C.; Hickford, S.; Hignight, J.; Hill, Colton; Hill, G.; Hoffman, K. D.; Hoffmann, Benjamin D.; Hoffmann, R.; Hoinka, Tobias; Hokanson-Fasig, B.; Holzapfel, Killian; Hoshina, K.; Huang, F.; Huber, Matthías; Huber, Thomas; Huege, T.; Hughes, K.; Hultqvist, K.; Hünnefeld, Mirco; Hussain, Raamis; In, Seongjin; Iovine, N.; Jansson, Matti; Japaridze, G. S.; Jeong, Minjin; Jones, Ben; Kalekin, O.; Kang, D.; Kang, Woosik; Kang, Xinyue; Kappes, A.; Kappesser, David; Karg, T.; Karl, Martina; Karle, A.; Katori, T.; Katz, U.; Kauer, M.; Keivani, A.; Kellermann, Moritz; Kelley, J. L.; Kheirandish, Ali; Kin, Ken'ichi; Kintscher, T.; Kiryluk, J.; Klein, S. R.; Koirala, R.; Kolanoski, H.; Kontrimas, Tomas; Köpke, L.; Kopper, C.; Kopper, S.; Koskinen, D. J.; Koundal, Paras; Kovacevich, Michael; Kowalski, M.; Kozynets, Tetiana; Krauss, C. B.; Kravchenko, I.; Krebs, Ryan; Kun, Emma; Kurahashi, N.; Lad, Neha; Gualda, Cristina Lagunas; Lanfranchi, J. L.; Larson, M. J.; Lauber, Frederik Hermann; Lazar, Jeffrey; Lee, Jiwoong; Leonard, K.; Leszczyńska, Agnieszka; Li, Yijia; Lincetto, Massimiliano; Liu, Qinrui; Liubarska, Maria; Lohfink, Elisa; LoSecco, J. M.; Mariscal, Cristian Jesús Lozano; Lu, Lu; Lucarelli, Francesco; Ludwig, Andrew; Luszczak, William; Lyu, Yang; Ma, Wing Yan; Madsen, J.; Mahn, Kendall; Makino, Yuya; Mancina, Sarah; Mandalia, Shivesh; Maris, Ioana Codrina; Márka, S.; Márka, Z.; Maruyama, R.; Mase, K.; McElroy, Thomas; McNally, F.; Mead, James Vincent; Meagher, K.; Medina, Andrés; Meier, Maximilian; Meighen-Berger, Stephan; Meyers, Zackary; Micallef, Jessie; Mockler, D.; Montaruli, T.; Moore, R. W.; Morse, R.; Moulai, Marjon; Naab, Richard; Nagai, Ryo; Naumann, Uwe; Necker, Jannis; Nelles, A.; Nguyen, Le Viet; Niederhausen, H.; Nisa, Mehr; Nowicki, S. C.; Nygren, D. R.; Oberla, E.; Pollmann, A. Obertacke; Oehler, Marie; Olivas, A.; Omeliukh, Anastasiia; O’Sullivan, Erin; Pandya, Hershal; Pankova, D. V.; Papp, L.; Park, Nahee; Parker, Grant; Paudel, Ek Narayan; Paul, Larissa; Heros, C. Pérez de los; Peters, Lilly; Petersen, T. C.; Peterson, Josh; Philippen, Saskia; Pieloth, D.; Pieper, Sarah; Pinfold, James; Pittermann, Martin; Pizzuto, A.; Plaisier, Ilse; Plum, M.; Popovych, Yuiry; Porcelli, A.; Rodriguez, Maria Prado; Price, P. Buford; Pries, Brandom; Przybylski, G. T.; Pyras, Lilly; Raab, Christoph; Raissi, Amirreza; Rameez, M.; Rawlins, K.; Rea, Immacolata Carmen; Rehman, Abdul; Reichherzer, Patrick; Reimann, R.; Renzi, Giovanni; Resconi, E.; Reusch, Simeon; Rhode, W.; Richman, M.; Riedel, Benedikt; Riegel, Michael; Roberts, Ella; Robertson, Sally; Roellinghoff, Gerrit; Rongen, Martin; Rott, C.; Ruhe, T.; Ryckbosch, D.; Cantu, Devyn Rysewyk; Safa, Ibrahim; Saffer, Julian; Herrera, Sebastian Sanchez; Sandrock, Alexander; Sandroos, J.; Sandstrom, P.; Santander, M.; Sarkar, Subir; Sarkar, Sourav; Satalecka, K.; Scharf, Maximilian Karl; Schaufel, Merlin; Schieler, H.; Schindler, Sebastian; Schlunder, P.; Schmidt, T.; Schneider, A.; Schneider, Judith; Schröder, Frank G.; Schumacher, Lisa Johanna; Schwefer, Georg; Sclafani, Steve; Seckel, D.; Seunarine, S.; Shaevitz, M. H.; Sharma, Ankur; Shefali, Shefali; Silva, Manuel; Skrzypek, Barbara; Smith, Daniel; Smithers, Ben; Snihur, R.; Soedingrekso, Jan; Soldin, D.; Söldner-Rembold, S.; Southall, Daniel; Spannfellner, Christian; Spiczak, G. M.; Spiering, Christian; Stachurska, J.; Stamatikos, M.; Stanev, T.; Stein, R.; Stettner, J.; Steuer, A.; Stezelberger, T.; Stürwald, Timo; Stuttard, Thomas; Sullivan, G. W.; Taboada, I.; Taketa, A.; Tanaka, Hiroyuki; Tenholt, F.; Ter–Antonyan, S.; Tilav, S.; Tischbein, Franziska; Tollefson, K.; Tomankova, L.; Tönnis, Christoph; Torres, Jorge; Toscano, S.; Tosi, D.; Trettin, Alexander; Tselengidou, M.; Tung, Chunfai; Turcati, A.; Turcotte, Roxanne; Turley, C. F.; Twagirayezu, Jean Pierre; Ty, Bunheng; Elorrieta, Martin Unland; Valtonen-Mattila, Nora; Vandenbroucke, J.; Eijndhoven, N. van; Vannerom, D.; Santen, J. V.; Veberič, D.; Verpoest, Stef; Vieregg, A. G.; Vraeghe, M.; Walck, C.; Watson, Timothyblake; Weaver, Chris; Weigel, Philip; Weindl, A.; Weinstock, Lars Steffen; Weiss, Matthew J.; Weldert, Jan; Welling, Christoph; Wendt, Chris; Werthebach, Johannes; Weyrauch, Mark; Whitehorn, N.; Wiebusch, C. H.; Williams, D. R.; Wissel, Stephanie; Wolf, M.; Woschnagg, K.; Wrede, Gerrit; Wren, Steven; Wulff, Johan; Xu, Xianwu; Xu, Yiqian; Yañez, J. P.; Yoshida, Sho; Yu, Shiqi; Yuan, Tianlu; Zhang, Zelong; Zierke, S.

doi:10.22323/1.395.1062

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…DeepCore), Gen2 (IceCube-Gen2 excluding WLS) and Gen2+WLS (IceCube-Gen2 including WLS) in the following. The baseline design for IceCube-Gen2 uses Long Optical Modules (LOMs) [3,12], multi-PMT modules that are optimised for low-power consumption and that fit narrower bore holes. However, since the properties of the LOM are still being characterised we use the multi-PMT Digital Optical Module (mDOM) [3,13] in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for the Detection of the Standing Accretion Shock Instability in IceCube-Gen2

Beise

2024

Proceedings of XVIII International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics — PoS(TAUP2023)

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Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are among the most energetic processes in our Universe and are crucial for the understanding of the formation and chemical composition of the Universe. The precise measurement of the neutrino light curve from CCSNe is crucial to understanding the hydrodynamics and fundamental processes that drive CCSNe. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has mass-independent sensitivity within the Milky Way and some sensitivity to the higher mass CCSNe in the Large and Small Magellanic clouds. The envisaged large-scale extension of the IceCube detector, IceCube-Gen2, opens the possibility for new sensor design and trigger concepts that could increase the number of neutrinos detected from a CCSNe burst compared to IceCube. In this contribution, we study how wavelength-shifting technology can be used in IceCube-Gen2 to measure the fast modulations of the neutrino signal due to standing accretion shock instabilities (SASI).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for the Detection of the Standing Accretion Shock Instability in IceCube-Gen2

Beise

2024

Proceedings of XVIII International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics — PoS(TAUP2023)

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“…The IceCube Upgrade [13] will augment IceCube's detection capabilities by adding additional detector strings featuring new DOM types: the "mDOM" and "DEgg". The mDOMs carry 24 3 PMTs providing almost homogeneous angular coverage, while the DEggs carry two 8 PMTs, one facing up and one down [14]. Adjusting to work with the IceCube Upgrade is difficult -4 -…”

Section: Traditional Reconstruction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graph Neural Networks for low-energy event classification & reconstruction in IceCube

Abbasi¹,

Ackermann²,

Adams³

et al. 2022

J. Inst.

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IceCube, a cubic-kilometer array of optical sensors built to detect atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos between 1 GeV and 1 PeV, is deployed 1.45 km to 2.45 km below the surface of the ice sheet at the South Pole. The classification and reconstruction of events from the in-ice detectors play a central role in the analysis of data from IceCube. Reconstructing and classifying events is a challenge due to the irregular detector geometry, inhomogeneous scattering and absorption of light in the ice and, below 100 GeV, the relatively low number of signal photons produced per event. To address this challenge, it is possible to represent IceCube events as point cloud graphs and use a Graph Neural Network (GNN) as the classification and reconstruction method. The GNN is capable of distinguishing neutrino events from cosmic-ray backgrounds, classifying different neutrino event types, and reconstructing the deposited energy, direction and interaction vertex. Based on simulation, we provide a comparison in the 1 GeV–100 GeV energy range to the current state-of-the-art maximum likelihood techniques used in current IceCube analyses, including the effects of known systematic uncertainties. For neutrino event classification, the GNN increases the signal efficiency by 18% at a fixed background rate, compared to current IceCube methods. Alternatively, the GNN offers a reduction of the background (i.e. false positive) rate by over a factor 8 (to below half a percent) at a fixed signal efficiency. For the reconstruction of energy, direction, and interaction vertex, the resolution improves by an average of 13%–20% compared to current maximum likelihood techniques in the energy range of 1 GeV–30 GeV. The GNN, when run on a GPU, is capable of processing IceCube events at a rate nearly double of the median IceCube trigger rate of 2.7 kHz, which opens the possibility of using low energy neutrinos in online searches for transient events.

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“…In recent years, a single glass vessel containing multiple small PMTs is developed and applied in KM3NeT [10,11] and IceCube-Gen2 [12,13]. Compared to single-PMT DOMs, multi-PMT DOMs can receive photons from all directions, potentially providing better pointing capability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PMT system of the TRIDENT pathfinder experiment

Zhang,

Hu,

Xian

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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Next generation neutrino telescopes are highly anticipated to boost the development of neutrino astronomy. A multi-cubic-kilometer neutrino telescope, TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), was proposed to be built in the South China Sea. The detector aims to achieve ∼ 0.1 degree angular resolution for track-like events at energy above 100 TeV by using hybrid digital optical modules, opening new opportunities for neutrino astronomy. In order to measure the water optical properties and marine environment of the proposed TRIDENT site, a pathfinder experiment was conducted, in which a 100-meter-long string consisting of three optical modules was deployed at a depth of 3420 m to perform in-situ measurements. The central module emits light by housing LEDs, whereas the other two modules detect light with two independent and complementary systems: the PMT and the camera systems. By counting the number of detected photons and analyzing the photon arrival time distribution, the PMT system can measure the absorption and scattering lengths of sea water, which serve as the basic inputs for designing the neutrino telescope. In this paper, we present the design concept, calibration and performance of the PMT system in the pathfinder experiment.

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A next-generation optical sensor for IceCube-Gen2

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Prospects for the Detection of the Standing Accretion Shock Instability in IceCube-Gen2

Prospects for the Detection of the Standing Accretion Shock Instability in IceCube-Gen2

Graph Neural Networks for low-energy event classification & reconstruction in IceCube

The PMT system of the TRIDENT pathfinder experiment

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