A Nival Aeolian Ecosystem in California

Papp, Richard P.

doi:10.2307/1550661

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Mean standing crops of invertebrates on snowfields range from 5000 to 15 × 10 6 individuals ha −1 at montane sites in Alaska, Australia, USA and northern Spain (Edwards 1970, 1974; Spalding 1979; Antor 1994). Mean daily input rates measured at other sites in the USA, Scotland and Indonesia ranged from 1 to 20 × 10 4 individuals ha −1 day −1 (Papp 1978; Mann et al . 1980; Ashmole et al .…”

Section: Quantitative Inputs Of Organic Matter and Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mean standing crops of invertebrates on snowfields range from 5000 to 15 × 10 6 individuals ha −1 at montane sites in Alaska, Australia, USA and northern Spain (Edwards 1970(Edwards , 1974Spalding 1979;Antor 1994). Mean daily input rates measured at other sites in the USA, Scotland and Indonesia ranged from 1 to 20 × 10 4 individuals ha −1 day −1 (Papp 1978;Mann et al 1980;Ashmole et al 1983;). Nutrient addition, for yet other montane sites in the USA, has been calculated at between 0.05 and 0.82 kg N ha −1 year −1 and 0.002 -0.06 kg P ha −1 year −1 (Edwards & Banko 1976;Edwards & Sugg 1993), although these rates are lower than the peak daily inputs of 2.65 kg N ha −1 and 0.20 kg P ha −1 calculated for a lowland glacial moraine in Spitsbergen (Hodkinson et al 2001).…”

Section: Quantitative Inputs Of Organic Matter and Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary community assembly on land – the missing stages: why are the heterotrophic organisms always there first?

2002

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Summary1 It is proposed that as a general rule primary community assembly by autotrophs is preceded by a previously unrecognized heterotrophic phase that may be instrumental in facilitating the establishment of green plants and consolidating the assembly process. 2 This heterotrophic stage, of variable duration, involves the allochthonous input of both dead organic matter and living invertebrates sufficient to allow the initial establishment of functioning communities comprised of scavenging detritivores and predators. 3 Evidence for deposition of such materials onto newly exposed land surfaces and the development of such animal communities is summarized for a variety of sites and substrates worldwide. 4 It is suggested that these heterotrophic communities conserve nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and facilitate the establishment of green plants.

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Section: Quantitative Inputs Of Organic Matter and Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantitative Inputs Of Organic Matter and Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary community assembly on land – the missing stages: why are the heterotrophic organisms always there first?

2002

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“…Aeolian terrestrial ecosystems occur in alpine, polar and perhaps extreme desert regions (Mani, 1962;Swan, 1963Swan, , 1968Papp, 1978;Edwards, 1987). These are semi-permanent systems, showing only long-term "physiographic" (Cowles,191 l ) , "allogenic" (Tansley, 1929(Tansley, , 1935 or 'abiotic' succession caused by external factors such as erosion or climatic change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary faunal succession in volcanic terrain: lava and cave studies on the Canary Islands

Ashmole

Oromı́

Ashmole

et al. 1992

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Invertebrate communities in volcanic habitats of different ages on the islands of La Palma and ElHierro were studied using standardized trapping and searching techniques. A variety of graphical and numerical approaches were used to analyse relationships among the sites. Young, barren lava flows constitute aeolian ecosystems with a fauna of generalized detritivores and predators, especially collembolans, earwigs, thysanurans and crickets. Surface samples have many individuals and low diversity; those from caves have smaller numbers but similar taxonomic composition.Vegetated surface habitats have richer communities, with diverse herbivores and predators but largely without the pioneer 'Iavicolous' species. Caves with high humidity and stable temperature contain mainly specialized troglobitic species, but if there are both dry and humid sections lavicoles may also be present. Divergence into distinct epigean and hypogean communities results from both abiotic and biotic processes, including erosion and plant succession. While these occur mainly on the surface they also affect caves, increasing humidity and providing insulation from variations in external environmental conditions; the process is considered as a form of 'maturation' of the caves. Various models of succession are considered, which might help to account for the disappearance of lavicoles from mature epigean and hypogean communities.

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“…Other nocturnal insects include staphylinid beetles and Grylloblattida (Edwards, I 987). Most species of spiders, other than Gnaphosidae, however, were mainly diurnal foragers(Schmoller, 1971 b), as were Lycosidae and Gnaphosidae observed byPapp (1978) at 3350 m on Mt. Conness, California.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptations of Terrestrial Arthropods to the Alpine Environment

Sømme¹

1989

Biological Reviews

104

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Summary 1. The climate changes drastically above the timberline. Diverse adaptations have been evolved by insects and other terrestrial arthropods to survive the alpine environment. The fitness of each species depends on a combination of different factors in accordance with their special habitats. 2. Morphological adaptations such as reduced body‐size, are known from a number of alpine insects, increasing their possibility to find sheltered microhabitats. Selection for reduced body size in Andean Phulia spp. butterflies is probably a result of their rigorous environment. Wing atrophy, which is also known in insects from other extreme environments, is widespread in alpine species. In several terrestrial arthropods the absorption of solar radiation is increased by melanism. Increased pubescence, protecting against the loss of heat, is known in alpine butterflies and bumblebees. 3. Several behavioural adaptations are described. Thermoregulatory behaviour is important in many species to raise their body temperatures. Alpine butterflies orient the dark basis of their wings perpendicular to the rays of the sun. Body temperatures of 30 °C may be required for flight. To increase their activities many alpine terrestrial arthropods seek warmer microhabitats in the vegetation and under rocks. The adaptive advantage of nocturnal activity as observed in several species, may be to maintain the water balance or to avoid predation. 4. Tropical alpine terrestrial arthropods are faced with special problems. The large diel temperature fluctuations require cold‐hardiness during the night and tolerance to heat during the day. Many species seek sheltered microhabitats under rocks and in vegetation. 5. Due to low precipitation and high evaporation rates many mountain areas are extremely dry. High resistance to desiccation may be very important to alpine species, and in particular to tropical species. Rates of water loss at low relative humidities are comparable to those of desert arthropods. 6. As an adaptation to the cold alpine summers several species of terrestrial arthropods require more than one year to complete their life‐cycles. Special to these species is their adaptation to low temperatures in two or more overwintering stages. In spite of their cold surroundings several species have univoltine life cycles, frequently combined with highly specialized adaptations. Increased metabolic rates as a compensation to low temperatures may be widespread in alpine species, but few data are available. 7. Cold tolerance is of particular importance in temperature alpine species. Winter survival in Collembola and Acari depends on supercooling. Great seasonal variations have been observed in a number of species. Freezing tolerance is also known from alpine insects, e.g. in some species of beetles. At high latitudes alpine species must endure periods of up to eight or nine month at low temperatures during hibernation. Anaerobiosis is known from species that are enclosed in ice, with lactate as the main end product of metabolism.

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A Nival Aeolian Ecosystem in California

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Primary community assembly on land – the missing stages: why are the heterotrophic organisms always there first?

Primary community assembly on land – the missing stages: why are the heterotrophic organisms always there first?

Primary faunal succession in volcanic terrain: lava and cave studies on the Canary Islands

Adaptations of Terrestrial Arthropods to the Alpine Environment

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