A no-displacement option? Rights, risks and negotiated settlement in development displacement

Disturbance preceding displacement: Development practice in preparation for mining and resettlement

“…National legislation and international policy guidance also encourages developers to negotiate directly with landholders and users. This situation interlocks corporate and local actors in a high-stakes engagement, where asymmetries in access to information and resources can exacerbate tensions (Price, 2015b).…”

“…As outlined in Chapter Three, the topic is an emerging focus of DCDR literature (see for example Cernea, 2015;Fernandes, 2011;Mathur, 2016a;Price, 2010Price, , 2015bT. Scudder, 2009 Academics examining corporate-led development in mining have already established the limitations of a "business case" argument for social investment (see Gilberthorpe & Banks, 2012;Idemudia, 2011), and for the private sector more broadly (see Blowfield, Jamali, & Karam, 2015;Frynas, 2008).…”

“…The role of the private sector in human displacement and resettlement is an increasing focus of DCDR literature (see for example Cernea, 2015;Fernandes, 2011;Mathur, 2016a;Price, 2010Price, , 2015bT. Scudder, 2009).…”

“…21 The term "livelihood" refers to the full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilise to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering (IFC, 2002). opportunity ultimately reduces project costs and delays to project development, which can occur via local-level resistance or protracted negotiations (see also Price, 2015b). This debate has led to a broadening of the Policy, which now states that involuntary resettlement ought to be conducted as a "sustainable development" intervention (World Bank, 2013 para 2b).…”

“…The binary between voluntary and involuntary resettlement is increasingly critiqued as unhelpful, and is better understood as a continuum rather than a dichotomy (Penz, Drydyk, & Bose, 2011;Price, 2015b;Wilmsen & Wang, 2015;Xue, Wang, & Xue, 2013). Emerging scholarly debates question the extent to which involuntary displacement might be rendered voluntary when affected people negotiate the terms of land acquisition and resettlement (Penz et al, 2011, pp.…”